SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
THEME 1: INTRODUCTORY/LOCAL GEOGRAPHY
1. Introduction to Geography: (a) Meaning, nature, scope and value of Geography. (b) Town/Village – Physical features
(I) Relief, Vegetation, Climate, Drainage, etc. (ii)Cultural features e.g. Church, Mosque, Market, roads, settlements, etc.
(II) (iii) Direction and location of physical and cultural features within the town/village (iv) Influence on human activities e.g. farming, fishing, pottery, trade, etc.
2. Local Government Area (LGA): (a) LGAHeadquarters(b) Locational relationship (c) Physical Characteristics: Relief, Vegetation, Climate, Drainage, etc. (d) Economic Activities, e.g. transportation, Agriculture, farming, fishing, trade, etc.
THEME 2:THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM
3. The Earth and Other Planets: (a) Components of the Solar system e.g. Mercury, Venus, Earth. Etc. (b) The earth – Size, Shape, Position in relation to the Sun and other planets.
4. Earth’s Rotation and Revolution: (a) Meaning of rotation and revolution. (b) Effects of rotation and revolution: (i) Day and Night (ii) Earth’s Axis (iii) Orbit (iv) The seasons (v) Equinoxes and Solstice (vi) Hemisphere, etc.
Latitudes and Longitudes: Latitude – (i) Meaning of Latitude (ii) Equator (iii) Latitude and distances (iv) Relationship with Major regions of the world (Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic and Antarctic Circles)
Longitude – (i) Meaning (ii) Time and Time Zones (iii) International Date Line (iv) Grid references.
7. The Earth’s Structure: (a) Major Spheres of the Earth: (i) The Atmosphere (ii) The Lithosphere (iii) The Hydrosphere (iv) The Biosphere. (b) Relationship between the three major spheres (atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere) – Relevance toHuman activities.
8. The Earth’s Structure: (c) Structure of the earth – (i) The Crust – SIAL and SIMA, Mohorovicic-discontinuity (ii) The Mantle(iii) The Core.
9&10. Rocks: (a) Types of rocks (i) Igneous rocks (ii) Sedimentary rocks (iii) Metamorphic rocks (b) Characteristics of Rocks –(i) Structure (ii) Colour (ii) Texture (iii) Permeability (c) Mode of formation of the rock types. (d) Importance of rocks toman.
11. Revision
12. Examination
1ST TERM
WEEK 1
TOPIC: Introduction to Geography
CONTENT:
1. Meaning, nature, scope and value of Geography.
2. Town/Village- Physical features and Cultural features
3.Direction and Location of physical and cultural features within the
town/village.
4. Influence of these features on human activities
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning, nature, scope and value of Geography
Meaning of Geography.
The word geography is derived from two Greek words “geo” meaning the earth and “graph” meaning to describe. The words grouped together formed the definition of Geography. Geography therefore, can simply be defined as the “description of the earth”.
However, Geography is more than mere description of the earth. Hence, it is both defined as the study of people, their activities, places and physical features within the earth.
Scope and Nature of Geography
Geography is a social science subject which deals with the study of man, his activities within the environment and the physical things within the earth.
In order words, geography studies different people in different places and their activities like farming, trading, fishing, manufacturing and construction. It also involves the study of places like Nigeria, Ghana, USA, Lagos etc. Geography also deals with study of natural phenomena on the earth like climate, oceans, rocks, mountains, vegetation etc. Also, it involves studying of the heavenly bodies like the sun, moon and the planets.
Geography as a field of study cuts across many other fields of human study such as agricultural science, geology, biology, history, economics, anthropology etc.
Branches of Geography
Geography is divided into three sub divisions. They are:
1. Physical Geography
2. Human/Regional Geography
3. Map Work
Values of Geography
1. Geography helps us to know the way of life of other people in other parts of the world
2. It helps us to know where places are on earth and understand better what is said about them.
3. It also enables us to study physical things around us like soil, vegetations, climate, mountains etc
4. A study of geography makes the understanding of related topics in other subjects easy
5. Geography helps us to know the relevance of the physical features within our environment to man’s life.
6. It helps us gain knowledge and skills useful in different profession like teaching, surveying, estate management, architecture, urban and regional planning, aviation etc
7. It also enable us to understand other subjects like agricultural science, economics, biology etc.
EVALUATION:
1. What is geography?
2. Explain the scope and nature of geography
3. State three branches of geography
4. Highlight five importance of geography
SUB-TOPIC 2: Town/Village- Physical features and Cultural features
Local Geography
Local geography has to do with the study of both physical and socio-cultural aspects of our immediate environment (i.e. our society).The locality include the village, town, local government area and the state.
THE VILLAGE: A village is a small nucleated rural settlement formed from the combination of several hamlets, contains several hundred or a thousand of people with limited services and social amenities. It is characterized by the following:
1. Relatively small area of land
2. Homogenous people i.e. people that know one another very well
3. People with the same cultural background and language
4. A simple and quiet life style
5. Few buildings and population ranging from one family to few hundreds of people
6. People in the village engage mostly in agriculture, lumbering, small scale shopping, fishing and religious functions.
TOWN: Is a large nucleated urban settlement formed from the expansion or combination of several villages with several thousands of people and several social services.
The main characteristics of a town include the following:
1. Relatively large and dense settlement
2. Socially heterogeneous people i.e. people who may not know one another very well
3. People with different cultural background and languages.
4. Many building with thousands of people living in them
5. Abundant social amenities
6. Mainly involved in secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing
7. They engage mainly in industrial, commercial, socio-cultural (universities, hotels, radio station etc), mining, fishing, and residential functions.
Physical Features of a town/village
The physical features of a town/village may include the relief, vegetation climate drainage. etc.
Relief: This refers to the surface features of the land above sea level. Relief of a place can be lowland or highland. Lowland refers to the areas below 300m above the sea level while highlands are areas with 300m and above.
Vegetation: vegetation refers to different plant species that inhabit a particular area at a period. The vegetation of a place can be grouped into two major zones. They are forest and savanna.
Climate: This can be defined as the average weather condition of an area over a long period of time. This can be determined between 35 and 40 years using its elements like rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind etc
Drainage: This refers to water bodies of a place. Drainage of a place includes rivers, streams and lakes.
Cultural features of a town/village
Cultural features of a town/village may include markets, post office, church, mosques, roads etc. These features are also known as man-made features.
Evaluation.
1. Define local geography
2. Describe (i) village (ii) town
3. State four characteristics of a (i) village (ii) town
4. (a) Explain four physical features that can be found within a village/town
5. Mention five cultural features of a town or village
SUB-TOPIC 3 : Direction and Location of physical and cultural features within the town/village.
The direction of any feature, physical or cultural within the town/village is determined using compass points or cardinal points. Compass or four cardinal point is divided into four- namely, North, South, East and West. These can be sub-divide into eight and sixteen cardinal points as the case may be. Below is a diagram of cardinal points.
Eight Cardinal Points
Evaluation.
1. Describe four cardinal points
2. Use it to locate the direction of your school, house and the major physical features within the town where your school is located.
SUB-TOPIC 4: Influences of Physical features on Human Activities
Human activities commonly found in a town or village include farming, lumbering, mining manufacturing, commercial activities and trading. These activities bring about resources like farm products, timber and mineral resources, etc.
The likely influences of the above mentioned features on human activities are:
1. Rivers and lakes are used for domestic purposes like washing, drinking and cooking.
2. The water bodies in a village/town can also be used for irrigation, which can boost the agricultural products especially during dry season.
3. Relief of a place can determine the location of both cultural features and human activities.
4. The climate of an area determines the type of crops to grow in that area. For instance northern Nigeria grows more of food crops while southern parts grow more of cash crop like cocoa, rubber, cola nut etc. This is because of climatic difference of the two areas.
5. Lowlands promotes extensive farming activities and man’s settlement.
Evaluation :
1. State four human activities within your town.
2. Mention five influences of the above mentioned physical features on those human activities.
3. Describe a particular physical feature in your town and its effects on socio-economic activities of that town.
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. (a) Explain the meaning of Geography (b) Discuss the relevant of Geography to human life.
2. (a) What is a village? (b) Describe five characteristics of a village (c) State four functions of a village
3. (a) Enumerate five characteristics of a town. (b) Distinguish between a town and a village
4. State three physical features in your town (b) Explain the in relevant of any one of the to human activities in the area.
5. Mention four functions of a town
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Objective Test
1. Geography can simply be defined as............. (a) study of planets (b) description of earth (c) description of mountains and vegetations (d) study of other subjects.
2. One of the importance of geography is that.................. (a) it helps us to know the type of food to eat (b) it promotes interpersonal relationship (c) it helps us to know more about the rest of the world (d) it increases production
3. The following are branches of geography EXCEPT (a) cultural features (b) physical geography (c) human geography (d) map work
4. A town is characterised by ............... (a) homogeneous population (b) heterogeneous population (c) small area of land (d) few social amenities
5. The following are cultural features EXCEPT.......... (a) market (b) road (c) post office (d) river
Essay Questions:
a. Differentiate between a town and a village
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Essential Geography by O.A Iwena. Pages 1-3
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Local government and state geography
REFERENCE TEXTS:
• Essential Geography for senior secondary school by O.A. Iwena
• Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools 1 by N.P. Iloeje et al.
• Senior Secondary Geography 1 by M.A. Abegunde et al.
CONTENT:
1. Meaning, nature, scope and value of Geography.
2. Town/Village- Physical features and Cultural features
3.Direction and Location of physical and cultural features within the
town/village.
4. Influence of these features on human activities
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning, nature, scope and value of Geography
Meaning of Geography.
The word geography is derived from two Greek words “geo” meaning the earth and “graph” meaning to describe. The words grouped together formed the definition of Geography. Geography therefore, can simply be defined as the “description of the earth”.
However, Geography is more than mere description of the earth. Hence, it is both defined as the study of people, their activities, places and physical features within the earth.
Scope and Nature of Geography
Geography is a social science subject which deals with the study of man, his activities within the environment and the physical things within the earth.
In order words, geography studies different people in different places and their activities like farming, trading, fishing, manufacturing and construction. It also involves the study of places like Nigeria, Ghana, USA, Lagos etc. Geography also deals with study of natural phenomena on the earth like climate, oceans, rocks, mountains, vegetation etc. Also, it involves studying of the heavenly bodies like the sun, moon and the planets.
Geography as a field of study cuts across many other fields of human study such as agricultural science, geology, biology, history, economics, anthropology etc.
Branches of Geography
Geography is divided into three sub divisions. They are:
1. Physical Geography
2. Human/Regional Geography
3. Map Work
Values of Geography
1. Geography helps us to know the way of life of other people in other parts of the world
2. It helps us to know where places are on earth and understand better what is said about them.
3. It also enables us to study physical things around us like soil, vegetations, climate, mountains etc
4. A study of geography makes the understanding of related topics in other subjects easy
5. Geography helps us to know the relevance of the physical features within our environment to man’s life.
6. It helps us gain knowledge and skills useful in different profession like teaching, surveying, estate management, architecture, urban and regional planning, aviation etc
7. It also enable us to understand other subjects like agricultural science, economics, biology etc.
EVALUATION:
1. What is geography?
2. Explain the scope and nature of geography
3. State three branches of geography
4. Highlight five importance of geography
SUB-TOPIC 2: Town/Village- Physical features and Cultural features
Local Geography
Local geography has to do with the study of both physical and socio-cultural aspects of our immediate environment (i.e. our society).The locality include the village, town, local government area and the state.
THE VILLAGE: A village is a small nucleated rural settlement formed from the combination of several hamlets, contains several hundred or a thousand of people with limited services and social amenities. It is characterized by the following:
1. Relatively small area of land
2. Homogenous people i.e. people that know one another very well
3. People with the same cultural background and language
4. A simple and quiet life style
5. Few buildings and population ranging from one family to few hundreds of people
6. People in the village engage mostly in agriculture, lumbering, small scale shopping, fishing and religious functions.
TOWN: Is a large nucleated urban settlement formed from the expansion or combination of several villages with several thousands of people and several social services.
The main characteristics of a town include the following:
1. Relatively large and dense settlement
2. Socially heterogeneous people i.e. people who may not know one another very well
3. People with different cultural background and languages.
4. Many building with thousands of people living in them
5. Abundant social amenities
6. Mainly involved in secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing
7. They engage mainly in industrial, commercial, socio-cultural (universities, hotels, radio station etc), mining, fishing, and residential functions.
Physical Features of a town/village
The physical features of a town/village may include the relief, vegetation climate drainage. etc.
Relief: This refers to the surface features of the land above sea level. Relief of a place can be lowland or highland. Lowland refers to the areas below 300m above the sea level while highlands are areas with 300m and above.
Vegetation: vegetation refers to different plant species that inhabit a particular area at a period. The vegetation of a place can be grouped into two major zones. They are forest and savanna.
Climate: This can be defined as the average weather condition of an area over a long period of time. This can be determined between 35 and 40 years using its elements like rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind etc
Drainage: This refers to water bodies of a place. Drainage of a place includes rivers, streams and lakes.
Cultural features of a town/village
Cultural features of a town/village may include markets, post office, church, mosques, roads etc. These features are also known as man-made features.
Evaluation.
1. Define local geography
2. Describe (i) village (ii) town
3. State four characteristics of a (i) village (ii) town
4. (a) Explain four physical features that can be found within a village/town
5. Mention five cultural features of a town or village
SUB-TOPIC 3 : Direction and Location of physical and cultural features within the town/village.
The direction of any feature, physical or cultural within the town/village is determined using compass points or cardinal points. Compass or four cardinal point is divided into four- namely, North, South, East and West. These can be sub-divide into eight and sixteen cardinal points as the case may be. Below is a diagram of cardinal points.
Eight Cardinal Points
Evaluation.
1. Describe four cardinal points
2. Use it to locate the direction of your school, house and the major physical features within the town where your school is located.
SUB-TOPIC 4: Influences of Physical features on Human Activities
Human activities commonly found in a town or village include farming, lumbering, mining manufacturing, commercial activities and trading. These activities bring about resources like farm products, timber and mineral resources, etc.
The likely influences of the above mentioned features on human activities are:
1. Rivers and lakes are used for domestic purposes like washing, drinking and cooking.
2. The water bodies in a village/town can also be used for irrigation, which can boost the agricultural products especially during dry season.
3. Relief of a place can determine the location of both cultural features and human activities.
4. The climate of an area determines the type of crops to grow in that area. For instance northern Nigeria grows more of food crops while southern parts grow more of cash crop like cocoa, rubber, cola nut etc. This is because of climatic difference of the two areas.
5. Lowlands promotes extensive farming activities and man’s settlement.
Evaluation :
1. State four human activities within your town.
2. Mention five influences of the above mentioned physical features on those human activities.
3. Describe a particular physical feature in your town and its effects on socio-economic activities of that town.
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. (a) Explain the meaning of Geography (b) Discuss the relevant of Geography to human life.
2. (a) What is a village? (b) Describe five characteristics of a village (c) State four functions of a village
3. (a) Enumerate five characteristics of a town. (b) Distinguish between a town and a village
4. State three physical features in your town (b) Explain the in relevant of any one of the to human activities in the area.
5. Mention four functions of a town
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Objective Test
1. Geography can simply be defined as............. (a) study of planets (b) description of earth (c) description of mountains and vegetations (d) study of other subjects.
2. One of the importance of geography is that.................. (a) it helps us to know the type of food to eat (b) it promotes interpersonal relationship (c) it helps us to know more about the rest of the world (d) it increases production
3. The following are branches of geography EXCEPT (a) cultural features (b) physical geography (c) human geography (d) map work
4. A town is characterised by ............... (a) homogeneous population (b) heterogeneous population (c) small area of land (d) few social amenities
5. The following are cultural features EXCEPT.......... (a) market (b) road (c) post office (d) river
Essay Questions:
a. Differentiate between a town and a village
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Essential Geography by O.A Iwena. Pages 1-3
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Local government and state geography
REFERENCE TEXTS:
• Essential Geography for senior secondary school by O.A. Iwena
• Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools 1 by N.P. Iloeje et al.
• Senior Secondary Geography 1 by M.A. Abegunde et al.
WEEK 2
TOPIC : Local Government
CONTENT: 1. LGA Headquarters and
2. Locational Relationship
3. Physical characteristics
4. Economic activities
5. States and their capitals
SUB-TOPIC 1: Local Government Headquarters
A local government area is formed by the combination of several towns and villages with similar physical and cultural features. Local government areas serve as third tier or level of government in Nigeria. There are 774 local government areas in Nigeria. Each of them has its administrative headquarters.
Activities:Students should try with the help of teacher to name the local government areas in their state, their headquarters and their locational relationship. The map of the state showing the local government areas is required.
Evaluation.
1. What is local government area ?
2. How many L G A are in Nigeria ?
3. Mention five L G A in your state and their headquarters
SUB-TOPIC 2: Locational Relationship
The relationship between one local government to the other can be determined with the use of cardinal points or compass point which enables us to locate the position of one point from the another. See the explanation above.
Evaluation:
1. Describe the location of at least five L G A in your state.
SUB-TOPIC 3: Physical Characteristics
The physical characteristics that may be found in local government area are: mountains or hills, valleys, plains, drainage, vegetations, climate etc. Identify specific and important physical features in your locality and describe them.
Evaluation:
1. (i)Name two major (i) rivers (ii) mountains/hills in your locality
2. Describe the climatic and vegetation types of your locality.
SUB-TOPIC 4: Economic Activities
The economic activities of an area have to do with various activities engaged in by the people in such locality. These include agriculture, trading, animal rearing, mining, fishing etc. However agriculture is common to most local government areas and it is basic to the life of the nation.
Evaluation:
1. State four major economic activities within the town where your school is situated.
2. Discuss any one of these activities, its importance to the area.
SUB-TOPIC 5: State Geography
A state is made up of a number of local government areas. The number of local government areas varies from one state to another depending on the size of the state. Nigeria at present has thirty-six state(36) states and the federal capital territory (FCT),Abuja. Below is the Nigerian map showing the 36 states and FCT.
Map of Nigeria Showing the 36 States and FCT
Evaluation:
1. How many states are in Nigeria?
2. Mention five states in Nigeria and their capitals.
GENERAL EVALUTION.
1. Mention five local government areas in your state.
2. Describe the location and position of your local government area in the state.
3. Draw map of your state showing the local government areas in the state.
4. Explain the location and position of your state in Nigeria.
5. Brief discuss the climate and economic activities of your state.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. On an outlined map of Nigeria, locate six states one from each geo-political zones in Nigeria.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools1 by N.P.Iloeje et al. Pages 4-8
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Read Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools1 by N.P.Iloeje et al.
2. Essential Geography for senior secondary schools by O.A. Iwena
3. Senior Secondary Geography by M.A. Abegunde et al.
CONTENT: 1. LGA Headquarters and
2. Locational Relationship
3. Physical characteristics
4. Economic activities
5. States and their capitals
SUB-TOPIC 1: Local Government Headquarters
A local government area is formed by the combination of several towns and villages with similar physical and cultural features. Local government areas serve as third tier or level of government in Nigeria. There are 774 local government areas in Nigeria. Each of them has its administrative headquarters.
Activities:Students should try with the help of teacher to name the local government areas in their state, their headquarters and their locational relationship. The map of the state showing the local government areas is required.
Evaluation.
1. What is local government area ?
2. How many L G A are in Nigeria ?
3. Mention five L G A in your state and their headquarters
SUB-TOPIC 2: Locational Relationship
The relationship between one local government to the other can be determined with the use of cardinal points or compass point which enables us to locate the position of one point from the another. See the explanation above.
Evaluation:
1. Describe the location of at least five L G A in your state.
SUB-TOPIC 3: Physical Characteristics
The physical characteristics that may be found in local government area are: mountains or hills, valleys, plains, drainage, vegetations, climate etc. Identify specific and important physical features in your locality and describe them.
Evaluation:
1. (i)Name two major (i) rivers (ii) mountains/hills in your locality
2. Describe the climatic and vegetation types of your locality.
SUB-TOPIC 4: Economic Activities
The economic activities of an area have to do with various activities engaged in by the people in such locality. These include agriculture, trading, animal rearing, mining, fishing etc. However agriculture is common to most local government areas and it is basic to the life of the nation.
Evaluation:
1. State four major economic activities within the town where your school is situated.
2. Discuss any one of these activities, its importance to the area.
SUB-TOPIC 5: State Geography
A state is made up of a number of local government areas. The number of local government areas varies from one state to another depending on the size of the state. Nigeria at present has thirty-six state(36) states and the federal capital territory (FCT),Abuja. Below is the Nigerian map showing the 36 states and FCT.
Map of Nigeria Showing the 36 States and FCT
Evaluation:
1. How many states are in Nigeria?
2. Mention five states in Nigeria and their capitals.
GENERAL EVALUTION.
1. Mention five local government areas in your state.
2. Describe the location and position of your local government area in the state.
3. Draw map of your state showing the local government areas in the state.
4. Explain the location and position of your state in Nigeria.
5. Brief discuss the climate and economic activities of your state.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. On an outlined map of Nigeria, locate six states one from each geo-political zones in Nigeria.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools1 by N.P.Iloeje et al. Pages 4-8
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Read Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools1 by N.P.Iloeje et al.
2. Essential Geography for senior secondary schools by O.A. Iwena
3. Senior Secondary Geography by M.A. Abegunde et al.
WEEK 3
TOPIC: THE EARTH AND OTHER PLANETS
CONTENT: 1. Components of the Solar system
2. The Earth- Size, Shape and Position in relation to the Sun and other planets
SUB-TOPIC 1: Components of the Solar system
The Solar System
The solar system consists of the sun and the nine planets with their satellites. The sun is at the centre of the planets and all other planets revolve around it on elliptical orbits. The nine planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto
The path followed by each of these planets around the sun is called ORBIT. A smaller body which moves around a planet is called SATELLITE.
The Solar System
The planets themselves can be grouped into two:
1. Terrestrial Planets: They are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are called Terrestrial planets because they have similar components with those of the earth being made of rock and heavy minerals like iron. They are also called inner planets because they are near the sun than others.
2. JOVIAN PLANETS: They include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. They are called Jovian planets because they have similar features with Jupiter being large and made of gaseous materials.
THE SUN
The sun is the largest star in the solar system. It is at the centre of the planets. It is stationary while all the planets move around it. It has a surface temperature of about 6,0000c with an interior temperature of over 20,000,0000c. In size, the sun is about 300,000 times as big as the earth. It is the ultimate source of light and energy to all the planets. The sun is important to man because it produces light which can be conserved as heat energy or radiant energy. Therefore, without solar radiation from the sun called insolation, all forms of life on earth surface would not have been possible. The stars which appear singly when viewed from the earth actually exist in groups or clusters which are better referred to as galaxies or nebula.
THE NINE PLANETS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
MERCURY
(i) Is the smallest and closet planet to the sun
(ii) It is about 57,900,000km (36million miles) away from the sun
(iii) It has the shortest orbit
(iv) A year in mercury is only 88 days
(v) It has no satellite
VENUS
(i) Is the second closest planet to the sun
(ii) It is often considered as earth’s twin because of the close proximity in size, mass (weight) and density but contains no living things.
(iii) It takes 225 days to complete it revolution round the sun.
(iv) It has no satellite
(v) It distance from the sun is about 107,200,000km
EARTH
(i) It is the only planet which supports the existence of plants and animals
(ii) It has one natural satellite called the moon, which revolve around the earth eastward once in every 27days.
(iii) It is described by the spacemen as a “beautiful jewel” when seen from space
(iv) It takes the earth about 365 ¼ days to complete it orbit
(v) It is about 148,800,000km away from the sun
(vi) The distance of the moon from the earth is 384,629km
MARS
(i) Mars is the fourth and next planet to the earth
(ii) It has dark patches on its surface and is believed to be the next planet after earth to have possibility of some plant life
(iii) It distance from the sun is 227,200,000km
(iv) It takes Mars 687days to complete its orbit
(v) It has two satellite
JUPITER
(i) Is the largest planet in the solar system
(ii) It contains hydrogen and methane gases with light and dark bands on its surface
(iii) It has twelve satellites that circle around it
(iv) Its distance from the sun is 772,800,000km
(v) It takes Jupiter 9years to complete its orbits
SATURN
(i) Is the second largest planet after Jupiter
(ii) It takes about 29 ½ years to complete its orbit
(iii) The distance of Saturn from the sun is abour 1,417,600,000km
(iv) Saturn has three rings and ten satellite
URANUS
(i) Uranus is 50 times larger than the earth and 15time as heavy
(ii) Its orbits around the sun is in clockwise direction from east to west
(iii) It has five satellite revolving around it
(iv) It distance from the sun is 2,854,400,000km
(v) It takes about 84years to complete its orbits
NEPTUNE
(i) It is very cold, with two satellite
(ii) It takes Neptune about 164.8years to complete its orbit
(iii) Its distance from the sun is 4,468,800,000km
(iv) It has two satellites
PLUTO
(i) This is the ninth and the farthest planet to the sun
(ii) It was discovered in 1930
(iii) It is the coldest. It is smaller than the earth
(iv) It has the longest orbit around the sun. it takes 247.7years to complete its orbit
(v) It distance from the sun is about 5,85o,000,000km
However, the researchers said that Pluto failed to dominate its orbit around the Sun in the same way as the other planets. Therefore, it will be referred to as a "dwarf planet" and that Solar system now will be described with just eight major planetary bodies.
The Picture of how the Planets Revolve Round the Sun
EVALUATION:
1. What is Solar system?
2. List nine planets in the Solar system
3. Describe Satellite and the Sun
4. Mention four characteristics each of the nine planets
5. What can you say about Pluto in recent time?
SUB-TOPIC 2:The Earth- Size, Shape and Position in relation to the Sun and other planets
The Size of the Earth
The earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system. The surface area of the earth is approximately 443million square kilometre (197 million square miles). Other important dimensions of the earth are:
(i) Equatorial circumference = 40,084km
(ii) Equatorial diameter = 12,762km
(iii) Polar circumference = 39,951km
(iv) Polar diameter = 12,719km
The Shape of the Earth
The earth was thought to be flat but it is not. It has a spherical shape. It is slightly flattened at the poles to give a nearly spherical shape, hence, the earth’s shape is better described as a geoids which means, the earth’s shape.
The Sphericity of the Earth
EVIDENCE/PROOFS TO SHOW THAT EARTH IS SPHERICAL
1. CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE EARTH: This proves that no traveller going round the world by land or by sea has ever encountered an abrupt edge, over which he would fall. This was established and proved beyond doubt by Ferdinand Magellan and his crew who travelled round the world between 1519 and 1522.
Circumnavigation of the Earth
2. SUNRISE AND SUNSET: As the earth rotates from west to east, the places in the east experience the sun earlier that places in the west. If the earth is flat, the whole earth would experience sunrise and sunset at the same time.
Sunrise and Sunset
3. THE CIRCULAR HORIZON: When one views a distant horizon from the deck of a ship at sea, or from a cliff on land, the shape is always circular. As one climbs higher, the circular horizon widens. This type of feature is seen only on a spherical body.
4. SHIP’S VISIBILITY: When a ship is seen at a far distance, the top of the mast is seen first before the hull and later the rest of the ship’s body. In the same way, if a ship leaves a harbor it disappears gradually. If the earth is flat, the ship from a distant view would appear and disappear at once.
Ship’s Visibility on the Sea
5. PLANETARY BODIES: All other planetary bodies such as moon, stars, sun etc are circular in shape. So the earth cannot be an exception.
6. DRIVING POLES OF EQUAL LENGTH ON A LEVEL GROUND: When poles of equal length were driven at the same depth in a level ground by surveyors, it was found that the centre pole is projected slightly above the poles at either side because of the curvature of the earth. If the earth is flat, all the poles would have the same height.
Driving poles of equal length on a levelled ground
7. THE LUNAR ECLIPSE: During the lunar eclipse, the shadow of earth casts on the moon is always circular in shape. Only a sphere, like the earth can cast such as circular shadow.
An Eclipse of the Moon
8. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH: Pictures of the earth taken from high altitudes by rockets clearly show the curve edge of the earth. This is the most recent and up-t0-date proof of the earth’s sphericity.
EVALUATION:
1. Describe the size of the earth
2. Explain five evidences of earth’s sphericity
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. (a) What is elliptical orbit?
(b) Discuss the importance of the Sun in the Solar system
2. (a) Describe the solar system
(b) Outline four characteristics of the following planets (i) Pluto (ii) Mercury (WASSCE, 2006)
3. Explain why Pluto is referred to as ‘dwarf planet’
4. Differentiate between Pluto and mercury
5. Highlight five characteristics of the earth as a planet
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Objective Test: Choose the correct answer from letter a-d
1. Solar system consists of the........................ (a) Sun and the nine planets (b) sun and the moon only (c) stars and the moon (d) rotation and revolution of the earth
2. The path by which each of the planets travels around the sun is called........... (a) path way (b) orbit (c) road (d) line
3. The largest star in the solar system is................. (a) moon (b) Jupiter (c) the earth (d) the sun
4. Which of the planets is the closest and hottest? (a) Pluto (b) Mars (c) Mercury (d) Venus
5. The following are the proofs to show that earth is spherical EXCEPT.......... (a) rotation of the earth (b) circumnavigation of the earth (c) sunrise and sunset (d) circular horizon
Essay Questions:
1. Describe the largest planet
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read the earth’s movement- Rotation and Revolution of the earth.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for senior secondary school by B.O. Adeleke et al.
2. Essential Geography for senior secondary school by O.A. Iwena.
3. Comprehensive Geography for senior secondary schools by P.O. Ajayi
CONTENT: 1. Components of the Solar system
2. The Earth- Size, Shape and Position in relation to the Sun and other planets
SUB-TOPIC 1: Components of the Solar system
The Solar System
The solar system consists of the sun and the nine planets with their satellites. The sun is at the centre of the planets and all other planets revolve around it on elliptical orbits. The nine planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto
The path followed by each of these planets around the sun is called ORBIT. A smaller body which moves around a planet is called SATELLITE.
The Solar System
The planets themselves can be grouped into two:
1. Terrestrial Planets: They are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are called Terrestrial planets because they have similar components with those of the earth being made of rock and heavy minerals like iron. They are also called inner planets because they are near the sun than others.
2. JOVIAN PLANETS: They include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. They are called Jovian planets because they have similar features with Jupiter being large and made of gaseous materials.
THE SUN
The sun is the largest star in the solar system. It is at the centre of the planets. It is stationary while all the planets move around it. It has a surface temperature of about 6,0000c with an interior temperature of over 20,000,0000c. In size, the sun is about 300,000 times as big as the earth. It is the ultimate source of light and energy to all the planets. The sun is important to man because it produces light which can be conserved as heat energy or radiant energy. Therefore, without solar radiation from the sun called insolation, all forms of life on earth surface would not have been possible. The stars which appear singly when viewed from the earth actually exist in groups or clusters which are better referred to as galaxies or nebula.
THE NINE PLANETS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
MERCURY
(i) Is the smallest and closet planet to the sun
(ii) It is about 57,900,000km (36million miles) away from the sun
(iii) It has the shortest orbit
(iv) A year in mercury is only 88 days
(v) It has no satellite
VENUS
(i) Is the second closest planet to the sun
(ii) It is often considered as earth’s twin because of the close proximity in size, mass (weight) and density but contains no living things.
(iii) It takes 225 days to complete it revolution round the sun.
(iv) It has no satellite
(v) It distance from the sun is about 107,200,000km
EARTH
(i) It is the only planet which supports the existence of plants and animals
(ii) It has one natural satellite called the moon, which revolve around the earth eastward once in every 27days.
(iii) It is described by the spacemen as a “beautiful jewel” when seen from space
(iv) It takes the earth about 365 ¼ days to complete it orbit
(v) It is about 148,800,000km away from the sun
(vi) The distance of the moon from the earth is 384,629km
MARS
(i) Mars is the fourth and next planet to the earth
(ii) It has dark patches on its surface and is believed to be the next planet after earth to have possibility of some plant life
(iii) It distance from the sun is 227,200,000km
(iv) It takes Mars 687days to complete its orbit
(v) It has two satellite
JUPITER
(i) Is the largest planet in the solar system
(ii) It contains hydrogen and methane gases with light and dark bands on its surface
(iii) It has twelve satellites that circle around it
(iv) Its distance from the sun is 772,800,000km
(v) It takes Jupiter 9years to complete its orbits
SATURN
(i) Is the second largest planet after Jupiter
(ii) It takes about 29 ½ years to complete its orbit
(iii) The distance of Saturn from the sun is abour 1,417,600,000km
(iv) Saturn has three rings and ten satellite
URANUS
(i) Uranus is 50 times larger than the earth and 15time as heavy
(ii) Its orbits around the sun is in clockwise direction from east to west
(iii) It has five satellite revolving around it
(iv) It distance from the sun is 2,854,400,000km
(v) It takes about 84years to complete its orbits
NEPTUNE
(i) It is very cold, with two satellite
(ii) It takes Neptune about 164.8years to complete its orbit
(iii) Its distance from the sun is 4,468,800,000km
(iv) It has two satellites
PLUTO
(i) This is the ninth and the farthest planet to the sun
(ii) It was discovered in 1930
(iii) It is the coldest. It is smaller than the earth
(iv) It has the longest orbit around the sun. it takes 247.7years to complete its orbit
(v) It distance from the sun is about 5,85o,000,000km
However, the researchers said that Pluto failed to dominate its orbit around the Sun in the same way as the other planets. Therefore, it will be referred to as a "dwarf planet" and that Solar system now will be described with just eight major planetary bodies.
The Picture of how the Planets Revolve Round the Sun
EVALUATION:
1. What is Solar system?
2. List nine planets in the Solar system
3. Describe Satellite and the Sun
4. Mention four characteristics each of the nine planets
5. What can you say about Pluto in recent time?
SUB-TOPIC 2:The Earth- Size, Shape and Position in relation to the Sun and other planets
The Size of the Earth
The earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system. The surface area of the earth is approximately 443million square kilometre (197 million square miles). Other important dimensions of the earth are:
(i) Equatorial circumference = 40,084km
(ii) Equatorial diameter = 12,762km
(iii) Polar circumference = 39,951km
(iv) Polar diameter = 12,719km
The Shape of the Earth
The earth was thought to be flat but it is not. It has a spherical shape. It is slightly flattened at the poles to give a nearly spherical shape, hence, the earth’s shape is better described as a geoids which means, the earth’s shape.
The Sphericity of the Earth
EVIDENCE/PROOFS TO SHOW THAT EARTH IS SPHERICAL
1. CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE EARTH: This proves that no traveller going round the world by land or by sea has ever encountered an abrupt edge, over which he would fall. This was established and proved beyond doubt by Ferdinand Magellan and his crew who travelled round the world between 1519 and 1522.
Circumnavigation of the Earth
2. SUNRISE AND SUNSET: As the earth rotates from west to east, the places in the east experience the sun earlier that places in the west. If the earth is flat, the whole earth would experience sunrise and sunset at the same time.
Sunrise and Sunset
3. THE CIRCULAR HORIZON: When one views a distant horizon from the deck of a ship at sea, or from a cliff on land, the shape is always circular. As one climbs higher, the circular horizon widens. This type of feature is seen only on a spherical body.
4. SHIP’S VISIBILITY: When a ship is seen at a far distance, the top of the mast is seen first before the hull and later the rest of the ship’s body. In the same way, if a ship leaves a harbor it disappears gradually. If the earth is flat, the ship from a distant view would appear and disappear at once.
Ship’s Visibility on the Sea
5. PLANETARY BODIES: All other planetary bodies such as moon, stars, sun etc are circular in shape. So the earth cannot be an exception.
6. DRIVING POLES OF EQUAL LENGTH ON A LEVEL GROUND: When poles of equal length were driven at the same depth in a level ground by surveyors, it was found that the centre pole is projected slightly above the poles at either side because of the curvature of the earth. If the earth is flat, all the poles would have the same height.
Driving poles of equal length on a levelled ground
7. THE LUNAR ECLIPSE: During the lunar eclipse, the shadow of earth casts on the moon is always circular in shape. Only a sphere, like the earth can cast such as circular shadow.
An Eclipse of the Moon
8. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH: Pictures of the earth taken from high altitudes by rockets clearly show the curve edge of the earth. This is the most recent and up-t0-date proof of the earth’s sphericity.
EVALUATION:
1. Describe the size of the earth
2. Explain five evidences of earth’s sphericity
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. (a) What is elliptical orbit?
(b) Discuss the importance of the Sun in the Solar system
2. (a) Describe the solar system
(b) Outline four characteristics of the following planets (i) Pluto (ii) Mercury (WASSCE, 2006)
3. Explain why Pluto is referred to as ‘dwarf planet’
4. Differentiate between Pluto and mercury
5. Highlight five characteristics of the earth as a planet
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Objective Test: Choose the correct answer from letter a-d
1. Solar system consists of the........................ (a) Sun and the nine planets (b) sun and the moon only (c) stars and the moon (d) rotation and revolution of the earth
2. The path by which each of the planets travels around the sun is called........... (a) path way (b) orbit (c) road (d) line
3. The largest star in the solar system is................. (a) moon (b) Jupiter (c) the earth (d) the sun
4. Which of the planets is the closest and hottest? (a) Pluto (b) Mars (c) Mercury (d) Venus
5. The following are the proofs to show that earth is spherical EXCEPT.......... (a) rotation of the earth (b) circumnavigation of the earth (c) sunrise and sunset (d) circular horizon
Essay Questions:
1. Describe the largest planet
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read the earth’s movement- Rotation and Revolution of the earth.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for senior secondary school by B.O. Adeleke et al.
2. Essential Geography for senior secondary school by O.A. Iwena.
3. Comprehensive Geography for senior secondary schools by P.O. Ajayi
WEEK 4
TOPIC: EARTH’S MOVEMENTS
CONTENT:
1. Meaning and effects of rotation of the earth
2. Meaning and effects of revolution of the earth
3. Differences between rotation and revolution of the earth
EARTH’S MOVEMENT
The earth moves in space in two different ways. They are (a) Rotation (b) Revolution.
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning and effects of rotation of earth
Meaning of Rotation of the Earth
The earth rotates on its axis from west to east in every 24hours through 3600. This is why it is said that there are twenty four hours (24) in a day. It rotates through 150 in 1hour or 10in 4 minutes. The rotating earth is inclined at an angle of 23½0 along it axis.
EFFECT OF ROTATION OF THE EARTH
1. DAY AND NIGHT: As the earth rotates from west to east only one part of the earth facing the sun experiences daylight while other part of the earth backing the sun’s ray will experience darkness (night).
2. DEFLECTION OF WIND AND OCEAN CURRENT: The rotation of the earth causes the deflection of winds and ocean current to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
3. APPARENT SUNRISE AND SUNSET: During the earth’s rotation, the part of the earth that emerges from the darkness into the rays of the sun experience sunrise while the other part going away from the sun’s rays to darkness will experience sunset.
4. TIME DIFFERENCE FROM PLACE TO PLACE: There is a difference of one hour at every 150 apart. To the west an hour is lost and to the east an hour is gained.
5. DAILY RISING AND FALLING OF THE TIDES: The rotation of the earth causes the rising and falling in the level of water in the sea and oceans.
6. It causes dawn and twilight: Dawn is a brief period between the sunrise and complete daylight while twilight is the brief period between sunset and complete darkness.
EVALUATION:
1. Explain the rotation of the earth
2. State five effects of rotation of the earth
SUB-TOPIC 2: Meaning and effects of revolution of the earth
Meaning of Revolution of the Earth
The earth revolves around the sun on its orbit. It takes 365¼ days to complete one revolution. The ¼ day or 6hours is added up every four years to make an extra day in a leap year. A leap year has 366days while a normal year has 365days. Leap years are all divisible by 4.
The revolving earth is tilted or inclined at an angle of 66½ 0 to the plane of ecliptic during its revolution.
EFFECTS OF REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
1. IT DETERMINES A YEAR. The time taken by the earth to move round the sun is fixed at 365 ¼ days which make up a year.
2. VARYING LENGTH OF DAY AND NIGHT: The length of day and night varies depending on the position of the earth. During winter, in the northern hemisphere, around December 22, there is increase in the number of dark hour towards the northern pole. Within the Arctic Circle 66 ½ 0N, there is a complete absence of sunrise, hence a whole day of darkness is experienced. While in the southern hemisphere, the period of day light increases towards the South Pole on December 22 but the region experiences summer.
In the summer period around June 21th, the northern hemisphere experiences longer daylight towards the poles while the Arctic Circle 66½oN the sun never sets, hence they experience 24hours of continuous daylight. This region (Arctic Circle) at this time is called ‘Land of mid-night sun’. The sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer and no part is in darkness.
In the southern hemisphere, the period of darkness increases towards the south pole on June 21st, but the region experience a winter.
Position of the Earth in Relation to the Sun
3. IT CAUSES SEASONS: The tropical areas like West Africa have two seasons- rainy and dry seasons. But the temperate region countries experience four seasons- Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. During spring, March 21th, the sun will be overhead at the equator giving all places in the northern hemisphere spring equinox. This is the period when plants begin to grow. The summer period occurs in the northern hemisphere between late May till late July. On June, 21th, the sun is overhead at the tropics of cancer resulting in summer solstice. This is when the northern hemisphere will have its longest day and shortest night. September 23rd is the period referred to as Autumn Equinox. In the northern hemisphere, leaves fall off the trees and their colour turn yellow-brown from September to October. December 22nd is the period referred to as a winter. This is the period when weather is very cold in the northern hemisphere because of the generally decreased sunshine. It is also known as winter solstice. Summarily, summer is a hot season; winter is a cold season, while spring and autumn are warm or cool.
The Four Seasons of the Earth
4. CHANGES IN THE ALTITUDE OF THE MID-DAY: The revolution of the earth cause a change of the mid-day sun resulting in equinoxes and solstices.
a. EQUINOXES: Equinox means equal day and night. It is the time when the mid-day sun is directly overhead at the equator.. This occurs on March 21st and September 23.
b. SOLSTICES: This means that the period of day and night is not equal. It is the time when the sun is vertically overhead at the tropic of cancer. This normally occurs on December 22nd and June 21st.
5. CHANGES IN SEASONAL TEMPERATURE: There is a warm and bright summer while winters are cold and dark in the arctic region
EVALUATION:
1. Describe the revolution of the earth
2. Explain four effects of the revolution of the earth
SUB-TOPIC 3: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROTATION AND REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
S/N Rotation Revolution
1 The earth rotates on its axis It revolves round the sun along its orbit.
2 The earth rotates through 3600 in 24 hours (one day) It revolves round the sun in 365¼ days (one year).
3 The rotating earth is inclined at an angle of 23½0 along its axis The revolving earth is tilted or inclined at an angle of 66½ 0 to the plane of ecliptic.
4 Causes day and night Causes seasons
5 Causes the difference of one hour between two meridians – 150 apart Causes changes in the altitude of the mid day sun.
EVALUATION:
1. Differentiate between rotation and revolution of the earth.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. (a) Describe the effects of the revolution of the earth (SSCE NOV. 1989)
(b) Calculate the noon altitude of the sun at the Tropic of Capricorn on June 21st. (SSCE NOV., 1990)
2. (a) Distinguish between rotation and revolution of the earth.
(b) With the aid of a suitable diagram, describe an eclipse of the sun. (SSCE August, 1991)
3. Give reasons why: (i) all areas north of the Arctic Circle have 24hours of day light on June 21st. (ii) Area within the tropics have more sunshine than areas outside the tropics. (SSCE NOV.,1994)
4. (a) With the aid of diagram, describe the four positions of the earth during its revolution around the sun.
(b) Explain why summers are usually warm and bright while winters are cold and dark in the Arctic region. (SSCE NOV., 1994)
5. Write explanatory notes on each of the following: (a) Twilight (b) Earth’s orbit (c) Equinoxes
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Objective Test. Choose the correct answer from letter a-d
1. The earth rotates on its own axis from............ (a) north to south (b) west to east (c) east to west (d) west to north
2. The rotating earth is inclined at an angle of............ along its axis. (a) 23 ½° (b) 24 ½ ° (c) 20 ½ ° (d) 360°
3. How many days does it take the earth to complete one revolution? (a) 24days (b) 30days (c) 366days (d) 365 ½ days
4. Which of the following is a leap year? (a) 1978 (b) 2001 (c) 1988 (d)1990
5. The winter solstice occurs in................ (a) December 22 (b) June 21 (c) September 23 (d) March 21
ESSAY
1. Explain the following: (a) Twilight (b) Dawn (c) Eclipse
2. With the aid of diagram describe (i) Eclipse of the Sun (ii) Eclipse of the Moon
REFERENCE TEXTS:
4. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for senior secondary school by B.O. Adeleke et al.
5. Essential Geography for senior secondary school by O.A. Iwena.
6. Comprehensive Geography for senior secondary schools by P.O. Ajayi
CONTENT:
1. Meaning and effects of rotation of the earth
2. Meaning and effects of revolution of the earth
3. Differences between rotation and revolution of the earth
EARTH’S MOVEMENT
The earth moves in space in two different ways. They are (a) Rotation (b) Revolution.
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning and effects of rotation of earth
Meaning of Rotation of the Earth
The earth rotates on its axis from west to east in every 24hours through 3600. This is why it is said that there are twenty four hours (24) in a day. It rotates through 150 in 1hour or 10in 4 minutes. The rotating earth is inclined at an angle of 23½0 along it axis.
EFFECT OF ROTATION OF THE EARTH
1. DAY AND NIGHT: As the earth rotates from west to east only one part of the earth facing the sun experiences daylight while other part of the earth backing the sun’s ray will experience darkness (night).
2. DEFLECTION OF WIND AND OCEAN CURRENT: The rotation of the earth causes the deflection of winds and ocean current to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
3. APPARENT SUNRISE AND SUNSET: During the earth’s rotation, the part of the earth that emerges from the darkness into the rays of the sun experience sunrise while the other part going away from the sun’s rays to darkness will experience sunset.
4. TIME DIFFERENCE FROM PLACE TO PLACE: There is a difference of one hour at every 150 apart. To the west an hour is lost and to the east an hour is gained.
5. DAILY RISING AND FALLING OF THE TIDES: The rotation of the earth causes the rising and falling in the level of water in the sea and oceans.
6. It causes dawn and twilight: Dawn is a brief period between the sunrise and complete daylight while twilight is the brief period between sunset and complete darkness.
EVALUATION:
1. Explain the rotation of the earth
2. State five effects of rotation of the earth
SUB-TOPIC 2: Meaning and effects of revolution of the earth
Meaning of Revolution of the Earth
The earth revolves around the sun on its orbit. It takes 365¼ days to complete one revolution. The ¼ day or 6hours is added up every four years to make an extra day in a leap year. A leap year has 366days while a normal year has 365days. Leap years are all divisible by 4.
The revolving earth is tilted or inclined at an angle of 66½ 0 to the plane of ecliptic during its revolution.
EFFECTS OF REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
1. IT DETERMINES A YEAR. The time taken by the earth to move round the sun is fixed at 365 ¼ days which make up a year.
2. VARYING LENGTH OF DAY AND NIGHT: The length of day and night varies depending on the position of the earth. During winter, in the northern hemisphere, around December 22, there is increase in the number of dark hour towards the northern pole. Within the Arctic Circle 66 ½ 0N, there is a complete absence of sunrise, hence a whole day of darkness is experienced. While in the southern hemisphere, the period of day light increases towards the South Pole on December 22 but the region experiences summer.
In the summer period around June 21th, the northern hemisphere experiences longer daylight towards the poles while the Arctic Circle 66½oN the sun never sets, hence they experience 24hours of continuous daylight. This region (Arctic Circle) at this time is called ‘Land of mid-night sun’. The sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer and no part is in darkness.
In the southern hemisphere, the period of darkness increases towards the south pole on June 21st, but the region experience a winter.
Position of the Earth in Relation to the Sun
3. IT CAUSES SEASONS: The tropical areas like West Africa have two seasons- rainy and dry seasons. But the temperate region countries experience four seasons- Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. During spring, March 21th, the sun will be overhead at the equator giving all places in the northern hemisphere spring equinox. This is the period when plants begin to grow. The summer period occurs in the northern hemisphere between late May till late July. On June, 21th, the sun is overhead at the tropics of cancer resulting in summer solstice. This is when the northern hemisphere will have its longest day and shortest night. September 23rd is the period referred to as Autumn Equinox. In the northern hemisphere, leaves fall off the trees and their colour turn yellow-brown from September to October. December 22nd is the period referred to as a winter. This is the period when weather is very cold in the northern hemisphere because of the generally decreased sunshine. It is also known as winter solstice. Summarily, summer is a hot season; winter is a cold season, while spring and autumn are warm or cool.
The Four Seasons of the Earth
4. CHANGES IN THE ALTITUDE OF THE MID-DAY: The revolution of the earth cause a change of the mid-day sun resulting in equinoxes and solstices.
a. EQUINOXES: Equinox means equal day and night. It is the time when the mid-day sun is directly overhead at the equator.. This occurs on March 21st and September 23.
b. SOLSTICES: This means that the period of day and night is not equal. It is the time when the sun is vertically overhead at the tropic of cancer. This normally occurs on December 22nd and June 21st.
5. CHANGES IN SEASONAL TEMPERATURE: There is a warm and bright summer while winters are cold and dark in the arctic region
EVALUATION:
1. Describe the revolution of the earth
2. Explain four effects of the revolution of the earth
SUB-TOPIC 3: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROTATION AND REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
S/N Rotation Revolution
1 The earth rotates on its axis It revolves round the sun along its orbit.
2 The earth rotates through 3600 in 24 hours (one day) It revolves round the sun in 365¼ days (one year).
3 The rotating earth is inclined at an angle of 23½0 along its axis The revolving earth is tilted or inclined at an angle of 66½ 0 to the plane of ecliptic.
4 Causes day and night Causes seasons
5 Causes the difference of one hour between two meridians – 150 apart Causes changes in the altitude of the mid day sun.
EVALUATION:
1. Differentiate between rotation and revolution of the earth.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. (a) Describe the effects of the revolution of the earth (SSCE NOV. 1989)
(b) Calculate the noon altitude of the sun at the Tropic of Capricorn on June 21st. (SSCE NOV., 1990)
2. (a) Distinguish between rotation and revolution of the earth.
(b) With the aid of a suitable diagram, describe an eclipse of the sun. (SSCE August, 1991)
3. Give reasons why: (i) all areas north of the Arctic Circle have 24hours of day light on June 21st. (ii) Area within the tropics have more sunshine than areas outside the tropics. (SSCE NOV.,1994)
4. (a) With the aid of diagram, describe the four positions of the earth during its revolution around the sun.
(b) Explain why summers are usually warm and bright while winters are cold and dark in the Arctic region. (SSCE NOV., 1994)
5. Write explanatory notes on each of the following: (a) Twilight (b) Earth’s orbit (c) Equinoxes
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Objective Test. Choose the correct answer from letter a-d
1. The earth rotates on its own axis from............ (a) north to south (b) west to east (c) east to west (d) west to north
2. The rotating earth is inclined at an angle of............ along its axis. (a) 23 ½° (b) 24 ½ ° (c) 20 ½ ° (d) 360°
3. How many days does it take the earth to complete one revolution? (a) 24days (b) 30days (c) 366days (d) 365 ½ days
4. Which of the following is a leap year? (a) 1978 (b) 2001 (c) 1988 (d)1990
5. The winter solstice occurs in................ (a) December 22 (b) June 21 (c) September 23 (d) March 21
ESSAY
1. Explain the following: (a) Twilight (b) Dawn (c) Eclipse
2. With the aid of diagram describe (i) Eclipse of the Sun (ii) Eclipse of the Moon
REFERENCE TEXTS:
4. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for senior secondary school by B.O. Adeleke et al.
5. Essential Geography for senior secondary school by O.A. Iwena.
6. Comprehensive Geography for senior secondary schools by P.O. Ajayi
WEEK 5
TOPIC: Latitudes and Longitude
CONTENT: 1. Meaning of Latitude and Equator
2. Latitude and distance
3. Meaning and uses of Longitude
4. Difference and Similarities between longitude and latitude
5. Time and Time zone
6. International Date Line and Grid references.
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning and Uses of Latitude
Meaning of Latitude.
Latitude is also an imaginary line drawn on the globe running from west to east.It is the angular distance of a point on the earth’s surface, measured in degrees from the centre of the earth. The earth is divided into equal halves – the northern and southern hemisphere by latitude (O0) called the equator. Other lines of latitude are parallel to the equator and to each other, hence, the latitude are also called parallels of latitude.
Lines of Latitude run from west to east
The major lines of latitude are:
i. The Equator (0°)
ii. The Tropic of Cancer 23 ½ °N
iii. The Tropic of Capricorn 23 ½ °S
iv. The Arctic Circle 66 ½ °N
v. The Antarctic Circle 66 ½ °S
These are diagrammatically showing below
Equator:Equator is a line of latitude that divides the earth into two halves- northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere. It is 00. Allother lines of latitude north or south take their readings from equator and they are parallel to it. It is also referred to as Great Circle.
USES OF LINES OF LATITUDE
i. It is used in conjunction with latitude to locate places on the map
ii. It is used to calculate distance between two places on the earth’s surface.
EVALUATION
1. Describe latitude
2. State four major lines of latitude
3. What is Equator?
4. State two uses of latitude.
SUB-TOPIC 3: Latitude and Distance
Lines of latitude are used to calculate the distance between two places on the earth surface. To calculate distance the following procedure are to be followed
a. Locate the two places
b. Find the latitude difference between the two places involved. To do that, the formular used is
i. North – North = subtract
ii. South – South = Subtract
iii. South – North = Add
iv. Equator (O0) – North/South = Add or subtract
c. Multiply the latitude difference by 111km
Note that 10 of latitude is approximately 111km on land. This is derived by dividing the length of equatorial circumference (40,089km) by 3600
i.e.
EXAMPLE 1: Calculate the distance between the equator (Lat 00) and Egypt (300N)
Solution:
a. Locate the two places involved
Latitude of equator = 00
Latitude of Egypt = 300
b. The difference in latitude is 0 + 30 = 300
c. Since 10 =111km
Therefore, 300 = 30 x 111km = 3,330km
The distance between the equator and Egypt = 3,330km
EXAMPLE 2: Calculate the distance between South Africa (30os) and Spain (400N)
Solution:
a. Locate the places involved
South Africa 300s
Spain 400N
b. Latitude difference 300 + 400 = 700
c. Since 10 = 111km
700 = 111 x 70 = 7,770km
The distance between South Africa and Spain is 7,770km
EVALUATION:
1. Calculate the distance between R (lat. 300S) and P (lat. 450N)
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning and Uses of Longitude
Meaning of Longitude
Longitude is an imaginary line drawn on the globe (earth) running from north to south at right angle to the parallel. It is an angular distance measured in degrees east and west of the Greenwich meridian. All other line of longitude are called meridian and are numbered in degrees east and west of longitude.
The longitude passing through London (Britain) and Accra (Ghana) is called Great, Prime or Greenwich Meridian and it is put at longitude O0. The major lines of longitude are showing in the diagram below.
Important Lines of Longitude
Uses of Lines of Longitude
i. They are used in calculating local time.
ii. They are used in conjunction with latitude to locate places on the map.
Evaluation:
1. Define longitude
2. Mention three major lines of longitude
3. What is Greenwich meridian?
4. State two uses of lines of longitude
CONTENT: 1. Meaning of Latitude and Equator
2. Latitude and distance
3. Meaning and uses of Longitude
4. Difference and Similarities between longitude and latitude
5. Time and Time zone
6. International Date Line and Grid references.
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning and Uses of Latitude
Meaning of Latitude.
Latitude is also an imaginary line drawn on the globe running from west to east.It is the angular distance of a point on the earth’s surface, measured in degrees from the centre of the earth. The earth is divided into equal halves – the northern and southern hemisphere by latitude (O0) called the equator. Other lines of latitude are parallel to the equator and to each other, hence, the latitude are also called parallels of latitude.
Lines of Latitude run from west to east
The major lines of latitude are:
i. The Equator (0°)
ii. The Tropic of Cancer 23 ½ °N
iii. The Tropic of Capricorn 23 ½ °S
iv. The Arctic Circle 66 ½ °N
v. The Antarctic Circle 66 ½ °S
These are diagrammatically showing below
Equator:Equator is a line of latitude that divides the earth into two halves- northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere. It is 00. Allother lines of latitude north or south take their readings from equator and they are parallel to it. It is also referred to as Great Circle.
USES OF LINES OF LATITUDE
i. It is used in conjunction with latitude to locate places on the map
ii. It is used to calculate distance between two places on the earth’s surface.
EVALUATION
1. Describe latitude
2. State four major lines of latitude
3. What is Equator?
4. State two uses of latitude.
SUB-TOPIC 3: Latitude and Distance
Lines of latitude are used to calculate the distance between two places on the earth surface. To calculate distance the following procedure are to be followed
a. Locate the two places
b. Find the latitude difference between the two places involved. To do that, the formular used is
i. North – North = subtract
ii. South – South = Subtract
iii. South – North = Add
iv. Equator (O0) – North/South = Add or subtract
c. Multiply the latitude difference by 111km
Note that 10 of latitude is approximately 111km on land. This is derived by dividing the length of equatorial circumference (40,089km) by 3600
i.e.
EXAMPLE 1: Calculate the distance between the equator (Lat 00) and Egypt (300N)
Solution:
a. Locate the two places involved
Latitude of equator = 00
Latitude of Egypt = 300
b. The difference in latitude is 0 + 30 = 300
c. Since 10 =111km
Therefore, 300 = 30 x 111km = 3,330km
The distance between the equator and Egypt = 3,330km
EXAMPLE 2: Calculate the distance between South Africa (30os) and Spain (400N)
Solution:
a. Locate the places involved
South Africa 300s
Spain 400N
b. Latitude difference 300 + 400 = 700
c. Since 10 = 111km
700 = 111 x 70 = 7,770km
The distance between South Africa and Spain is 7,770km
EVALUATION:
1. Calculate the distance between R (lat. 300S) and P (lat. 450N)
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning and Uses of Longitude
Meaning of Longitude
Longitude is an imaginary line drawn on the globe (earth) running from north to south at right angle to the parallel. It is an angular distance measured in degrees east and west of the Greenwich meridian. All other line of longitude are called meridian and are numbered in degrees east and west of longitude.
The longitude passing through London (Britain) and Accra (Ghana) is called Great, Prime or Greenwich Meridian and it is put at longitude O0. The major lines of longitude are showing in the diagram below.
Important Lines of Longitude
Uses of Lines of Longitude
i. They are used in calculating local time.
ii. They are used in conjunction with latitude to locate places on the map.
Evaluation:
1. Define longitude
2. Mention three major lines of longitude
3. What is Greenwich meridian?
4. State two uses of lines of longitude
WEEK 6
SUB-TOPIC 4: Differences and Similarities between Lines of Latitude and Longitude
Latitude and Longitude
LINES OF LATITUDE LINES OF LONGITUDE
1 The run from west to east They run from north to south
2 They are parallel to each other They are not parallel to each other
3 They are shorter towards the poles They are of the same length
4 The equator is the only grate circle Has many great circle as any opposite pairs of lines make a great circle
5 They are called parallels They are called meridians
6 They are used for measuring distance They are not used for measuring distance
7 They are not used for calculating local time They are used for calculating local time
8 Has equator as reference point Has Greenwich meridian as reference point
9 It measures up to 1800 (i.e 900 N – 00 – 900S It measures up to 3600 (i.e 1800N – 0– 1800S
10. They decrease in length They are all equal in length.
SIMILARITIES
i. Both are imaginary lines drawn on the globe
ii. Both are measured in degrees
iii. Both are used for locating of places the map
iv. Both contain great circles
EVALUATION:
1. In a tabular form, differentiate between latitude and longitude
2. Mention four similarities between longitude and latitude.
SUB-TOPIC 5: Time and Time zone
Local Time
Longitude is used in calculating local time. To do so, the following procedures are to be followed
1. Locate the places involved in question
2. Find the longitude difference
3. Convert the longitude difference to time
4. Adjust the time according to the direction of the movement (West or East)
EXAMPLE 1: What will be the local time in Nigeria (Long 150E) when it is 5.00pm in Ethiopia (Long 450)?
SOLUTIONS
Nigeria (150E) Ethiopia (450E)
? 5.00pm
Longitude difference. To find the longitude difference the formula used is
(i) East – East = Subtract
(ii) West – West = Subtract
(iii) East – West = Add
(iv) Greenwich Meridian (00) - West or East = Add or Subtract
Longitude difference = 450 – 150 = 300
Convert the longitude difference to time
The formula used is
3600 = 24hrs
150 = 1hour
10 = 4minutes
Using 150 = 1hour
300 =
OR
Using 10 = 4minutes
300 =
To adjust the time, subtract 2hours from 5.00pm for the direction of arrow
5.00pm – 2hrs = 3.00pm
Therefore, the local time in Nigeria is 3.00pm.
Note that if the direction is to the west, you subtract the calculated time from the given one. But if direction of arrow is to the east, the calculated time will be added to the given time.
CALCULATION OF LONGITUDE
PROCEDURE
a. Locate the places involved
b. Find the time difference
c. Convert the time difference to longitude
d. Adjust the longitude to the direction of movement (west or east)
EXAMPLE: What is the longitude of a town X whose time is 12.o0noon when Greenwich Mean Time is 6.00pm
SOLUTION:
Procedure A:
Town X ? Long. (oo)
W E
12noon 6.00pm
Note: Town X has to come first because you get 12noon before 6.pm
Procedure B: Find the time difference
12.00pm – 6.00pm = 6hrs
Procedure C: Convert 6hrs to longitude.
Since 150 = 1hour
6hrs = 6 x 150 = 900
Procedure D: Since the arrow is pointing to the question mark (i.e. west), therefore, the 900 is to the west which is 900W. Therefore the longitude of town X = 900W.
Standard Time andWorld Time Zone
This is a time generally adopted by a country in order to eliminate differences in local time between one town and the other within the same country. It is usually taken in reference to the Greenwich meridian. For example, Nigeria regulates its time with longitude 150 E, which is an hour ahead GMT.
The world is divided into 24 standard time zones, each of which differs from the next zone by 150 in longitude or one hour in time. Some bigger countries like Canada, USA, etc adopted many time zones due to the area extent of the country
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
This is also called world time and it is longitude 00.All countries of the world take or adjust their time from longitude 00. Countries locate on longitude 00 such as Accra (Ghana), London(Britain), Paris (France), Agiers (Algeria), etc observe GMT. Nigeria for instance is on longitude 150 E which is an hour ahead of Ghana.
EVALUATION:
1. What will be the local time at Fuji Island longitude 1780 E when it is 1.00pm at Greenwich on Monday 4th of December 1959?
2. Write short notes on the following: (i) standard time (ii) Greenwich meridian
Sub- Topic 6: International Datelineand Grid references
This is an imaginary line running from north to south through Pacific Ocean.The line is zig-zag in some places to avoid some island group thereby removing the confusion of dividing one island into different date.
Where this line is crossed, the date changes by exactly one day (24hours). When crossing IDL (Longitude 1800) from west to east 24hours is gained. If it is crossed from east to west 42hours is lost. For example, if a traveller crosses IDL on Friday 13th to the east, the day becomes Thursday 12th, while crossing it to the west on Friday 13th, the day becomes Saturday 14th.
International Date Line
EVALUATION:
1. Explain in detail the International Date Line
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Distinguish between Standard time and Greenwich Mean Time ( SSCE NOV.,1992)
2. If the GMT is 10.00am, 5th July, when the local time in a place X is 4.48am, 4th July, find the longitude of place X( SSCE NOV.,1992)
3. Write notes on each of the following: (i) Great circle (ii) Local Time. (WASSCE NOV., 1999)
4. Explain four ways in which lines of Latitude differ from lines of Longitude. (SSCE June 1993)
5. Distinguish between Meridian and Parallel ( WASSCE June, 2001)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Tests: Choose the correct answer from letter a-d
1. The line of longitude that divides the earth into two equal parts is called........... (a) equator (b) Greenwich meridian (c) arctic circle (d) parallel
2. If it is 3pm GMT on Sunday at Accra , what will be the local time in town X located on longitude 1650E ? (a) 2.00am on Saturday (b) 10.00pm on Sunday (c) 11.00pm on Sunday (d)2.00am on Monday
3. When it is 2.00am in Ghana Greenwich mean time, What will be the time in Nigeria longitude 150 E? (a) 3.00pm (b) 3.00am (c) 1.00am (d) 1.00pm
4. The time at which every country of the world takes or adjusts their time is called........ (a) local time (b) Greenwich mean time (c) standard time (d) International date line
5. Which of the following countries is located on longitude 00? (a) Nigeria (b) Gambia (c) Ethiopia (d) France
Essay Questions:
1. A football match is to be played on Saturday in New Zealand (1500E) between the host country and Nigeria (150 E). If the match is to be televised live, at what time should Nigerians tune in their television to watch the kickoff scheduled for 4.00pm in New Zealand (WASSCE June, 2001).
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Basic Geography Course for SSS 1 by N.P.Iloeje et al. Pages 27-40
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read the major spheres of the earth.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Essential Geography for SSS by O.A. Iwena
2. Comprehensive Geography for SSS by P.O. Ajayi
3. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for SSS by O. Areola et al.
Latitude and Longitude
LINES OF LATITUDE LINES OF LONGITUDE
1 The run from west to east They run from north to south
2 They are parallel to each other They are not parallel to each other
3 They are shorter towards the poles They are of the same length
4 The equator is the only grate circle Has many great circle as any opposite pairs of lines make a great circle
5 They are called parallels They are called meridians
6 They are used for measuring distance They are not used for measuring distance
7 They are not used for calculating local time They are used for calculating local time
8 Has equator as reference point Has Greenwich meridian as reference point
9 It measures up to 1800 (i.e 900 N – 00 – 900S It measures up to 3600 (i.e 1800N – 0– 1800S
10. They decrease in length They are all equal in length.
SIMILARITIES
i. Both are imaginary lines drawn on the globe
ii. Both are measured in degrees
iii. Both are used for locating of places the map
iv. Both contain great circles
EVALUATION:
1. In a tabular form, differentiate between latitude and longitude
2. Mention four similarities between longitude and latitude.
SUB-TOPIC 5: Time and Time zone
Local Time
Longitude is used in calculating local time. To do so, the following procedures are to be followed
1. Locate the places involved in question
2. Find the longitude difference
3. Convert the longitude difference to time
4. Adjust the time according to the direction of the movement (West or East)
EXAMPLE 1: What will be the local time in Nigeria (Long 150E) when it is 5.00pm in Ethiopia (Long 450)?
SOLUTIONS
Nigeria (150E) Ethiopia (450E)
? 5.00pm
Longitude difference. To find the longitude difference the formula used is
(i) East – East = Subtract
(ii) West – West = Subtract
(iii) East – West = Add
(iv) Greenwich Meridian (00) - West or East = Add or Subtract
Longitude difference = 450 – 150 = 300
Convert the longitude difference to time
The formula used is
3600 = 24hrs
150 = 1hour
10 = 4minutes
Using 150 = 1hour
300 =
OR
Using 10 = 4minutes
300 =
To adjust the time, subtract 2hours from 5.00pm for the direction of arrow
5.00pm – 2hrs = 3.00pm
Therefore, the local time in Nigeria is 3.00pm.
Note that if the direction is to the west, you subtract the calculated time from the given one. But if direction of arrow is to the east, the calculated time will be added to the given time.
CALCULATION OF LONGITUDE
PROCEDURE
a. Locate the places involved
b. Find the time difference
c. Convert the time difference to longitude
d. Adjust the longitude to the direction of movement (west or east)
EXAMPLE: What is the longitude of a town X whose time is 12.o0noon when Greenwich Mean Time is 6.00pm
SOLUTION:
Procedure A:
Town X ? Long. (oo)
W E
12noon 6.00pm
Note: Town X has to come first because you get 12noon before 6.pm
Procedure B: Find the time difference
12.00pm – 6.00pm = 6hrs
Procedure C: Convert 6hrs to longitude.
Since 150 = 1hour
6hrs = 6 x 150 = 900
Procedure D: Since the arrow is pointing to the question mark (i.e. west), therefore, the 900 is to the west which is 900W. Therefore the longitude of town X = 900W.
Standard Time andWorld Time Zone
This is a time generally adopted by a country in order to eliminate differences in local time between one town and the other within the same country. It is usually taken in reference to the Greenwich meridian. For example, Nigeria regulates its time with longitude 150 E, which is an hour ahead GMT.
The world is divided into 24 standard time zones, each of which differs from the next zone by 150 in longitude or one hour in time. Some bigger countries like Canada, USA, etc adopted many time zones due to the area extent of the country
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
This is also called world time and it is longitude 00.All countries of the world take or adjust their time from longitude 00. Countries locate on longitude 00 such as Accra (Ghana), London(Britain), Paris (France), Agiers (Algeria), etc observe GMT. Nigeria for instance is on longitude 150 E which is an hour ahead of Ghana.
EVALUATION:
1. What will be the local time at Fuji Island longitude 1780 E when it is 1.00pm at Greenwich on Monday 4th of December 1959?
2. Write short notes on the following: (i) standard time (ii) Greenwich meridian
Sub- Topic 6: International Datelineand Grid references
This is an imaginary line running from north to south through Pacific Ocean.The line is zig-zag in some places to avoid some island group thereby removing the confusion of dividing one island into different date.
Where this line is crossed, the date changes by exactly one day (24hours). When crossing IDL (Longitude 1800) from west to east 24hours is gained. If it is crossed from east to west 42hours is lost. For example, if a traveller crosses IDL on Friday 13th to the east, the day becomes Thursday 12th, while crossing it to the west on Friday 13th, the day becomes Saturday 14th.
International Date Line
EVALUATION:
1. Explain in detail the International Date Line
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Distinguish between Standard time and Greenwich Mean Time ( SSCE NOV.,1992)
2. If the GMT is 10.00am, 5th July, when the local time in a place X is 4.48am, 4th July, find the longitude of place X( SSCE NOV.,1992)
3. Write notes on each of the following: (i) Great circle (ii) Local Time. (WASSCE NOV., 1999)
4. Explain four ways in which lines of Latitude differ from lines of Longitude. (SSCE June 1993)
5. Distinguish between Meridian and Parallel ( WASSCE June, 2001)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Tests: Choose the correct answer from letter a-d
1. The line of longitude that divides the earth into two equal parts is called........... (a) equator (b) Greenwich meridian (c) arctic circle (d) parallel
2. If it is 3pm GMT on Sunday at Accra , what will be the local time in town X located on longitude 1650E ? (a) 2.00am on Saturday (b) 10.00pm on Sunday (c) 11.00pm on Sunday (d)2.00am on Monday
3. When it is 2.00am in Ghana Greenwich mean time, What will be the time in Nigeria longitude 150 E? (a) 3.00pm (b) 3.00am (c) 1.00am (d) 1.00pm
4. The time at which every country of the world takes or adjusts their time is called........ (a) local time (b) Greenwich mean time (c) standard time (d) International date line
5. Which of the following countries is located on longitude 00? (a) Nigeria (b) Gambia (c) Ethiopia (d) France
Essay Questions:
1. A football match is to be played on Saturday in New Zealand (1500E) between the host country and Nigeria (150 E). If the match is to be televised live, at what time should Nigerians tune in their television to watch the kickoff scheduled for 4.00pm in New Zealand (WASSCE June, 2001).
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Basic Geography Course for SSS 1 by N.P.Iloeje et al. Pages 27-40
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read the major spheres of the earth.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Essential Geography for SSS by O.A. Iwena
2. Comprehensive Geography for SSS by P.O. Ajayi
3. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for SSS by O. Areola et al.
WEEK 7
TOPIC: THE EARTH’S STRUCTURE
CONTENT:
1. The major spheres of the earth-.
2. Relationship between the three major spheres (the atmosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere)-
3. Relevance to human activities
SUB-TOPIC 1: THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
The structure of the earth is grouped into the outer structure and the internal structure of the earth. The outer structures of the earth consist of four zones or layers. Three are made up of physical constituents, which consist of the three different states of matter; which are solid, liquid and gaseous substances. While the fourth which is made up of the Biological constituents, consist of living organisms.
These outer structures of the earth includes: - i. The Atmosphere, ii. The Lithosphere, iii. The Hydrosphere and iv. The Biosphere.
The External and Internal Structure of the Earth
THE ATMOSPHERE: The atmosphere is the portion of the earth that consists of gases. These mixtures of various gases and other matter, forms and envelops round the earth. The atmosphere is loosely called “Air”,around us but in the real fact the atmosphere contain more than just air. The pure air in it, is made up of the following gases:
Nitrogen -------- -----------------------78%
Oxygen --------------------------------- 21%
Argon and Neon (rare gases------- 0.93%
Carbon dioxide ----------------------0.03%
The atmosphere also contains water vapour and dust particles. The atmosphere also is made up of four layers which include:
i. the troposphere,
ii. ii. the stratosphere,
iii. iii. the mesosphere and
iv. iv. The thermosphere.
The troposphere is the lowest and nearest to the earth, while the thermosphere, otherwise known as the ionosphere is the uppermost part of the earth.
EVALUATION
1. Mention the three physical constituents of the outer structure of the earth
2. Describe the atmosphere
3. outline the different atmospheric gases and their percentage
4. list the different layers of the atmosphere, indicating the nearest and the uppermost layers
THE LITHOSPHERE: The lithosphere or the crust is the outer solid part of the earth. The lithosphere comprises two distinct parts; the upper part consists of granite rocks and forms the continents comprising of the landmasses, which is marked by irregular surface features known as landforms, e.g. mountains, plateau, hills, plains, etc.; its main mineral compositions are Silica and Alumina, collectively referred to as
SIAL.
The lower part is a continuous zone of thicker rocks forming the ocean floor, comprising of silica, iron and magnesium collectively called the SIMA.
THE HYDROSPHERE: The hydrosphere is the liquid components of the earth where there is water. It consists of oceans, sea, river, lake, streams and other forms of water bodies. The water bodies consist of 71% of the earth surface. The ocean and the sea make up 97% of them. To these water bodies, the water locked up in frozen ice sheet and glaciers, underground water and water vapour forms part of the total water bodies.
THE BIOSPHERE: The biosphere is the world of living organisms, which includes Man, plants, animals and minute organisms like bacteria and fungi. These organisms dwell on Lithosphere (land), Hydrosphere (water) and Atmosphere (air) around us. They obtain their energy from the sun convert it into use, interact and depend on one another for existence.
EVALUATION:
1. State the two distinct parts of the lithosphere and describe their mineral compositions
2. Discuss briefly on the concept of hydrosphere
3. Why is the biosphere a unique sphere?
SUB-TOPIC 2: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THREE MAJOR SPHERES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES
The lithosphere is made up of the rock materials; the atmosphere consists of the gases that envelop the earth; the hydrosphere consists of the liquid substances-that is all the natural bodies of water on the outer earth. The intersect of these three (Atmosphere, Lithosphere and Hydrosphere) gives rise to the sphere of life (Biosphere). See Diagram bellow
The Relationship between the major spheres of the Earth
The lithosphere which is the solid part of the earth is where all living organisms including man lives and survive; though not without the support of the other two spheres (Hydrosphere and Atmosphere).
The atmosphere which consists of the different gases that envelops the earth is the very source of energy to all living organisms. The sun is the ultimate source of energy from which plants and other organisms derive their source of energy to produce their own food, on which other animals including man depend on for survival. Oxygen, Nitrogen, carbon dioxide and the rare gases are other atmospheric composite that enhances the survival of living organisms on the Biosphere.
The hydrosphere, which consist of all natural water bodies of the earth, from which plants, animal, and other living organisms including man depend on for survival. Therefore these three spheres (atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere) are very essential for every living organism in the biosphere.
EVALUATION:
1. What is the name given to the intersect of the three major spheres?
2. Explain the relationship that exist among these spheres
SUB-TOPIC 3: RELEVANCE OF THESE SPHERES TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES
The Atmosphere, the Lithosphere and the Hydrosphere, which intersects to form the Biosphere, are very relevant to Human activities in the following ways:
Atmosphere
1. It serves habitat for some living organism
2. It provides oxygen for plants and animals for respiration
3. It provides carbon dioxide for photosynthesis by plants
4. It contains ozone layer which acts as protective cover for living organism against the burning effects of ultra violet rays of the sun.
5. It acts as green house
6. It is a medium of communication. E.g air routes.
Hydrosphere
1. It provides water for domestic uses e.g drinking, washing, bathing, etc
2. It provides water for industrial uses
3. It serves as a means of transportation
4. It provides employment opportunities for the people dwelling in the riverine areas.
5. It is used for generating electricity
6. It is also used for irrigation purpose
7. It serves as tourist centre e.g bar beach.
Lithosphere
1. Lithosphere forms the basis of all human settlement
2. It serves as a source of all mineral resources
3. It aids transportation through construction of roads, railways and airports.
4. All forms of farming activities are carried out on lithosphere
5. It forms basis for most human activities such as mining, trading, etc
EVALUATION:
1. Outline the importance of the spheres of the earth to human activities
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Briefly describe the interaction within each zone of the outer part of the earth
2. Describe the main characteristics of each of the following: (i) atmosphere (ii) lithosphere (iii) hydrosphere
3. Outline the importance of either the hydrosphere or biosphere to man
4. Name the zones in the outer structure of the earth
5. Draw a well labelled diagram to show the outer part of the earth.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test:
1. The structure of the earth is divided into ------------------- a. 2 parts b. 4 layers c. 5 layers d. 3 parts
2. Which of this part of the lithosphere comprises of landmasses and irregular features a. sima b. sial c. silica d. magnesium
3. All but one of these gases has the highest percentage of atmospheric gas a. neon b. oxygen c. argon d. nitrogen
4. The hydrosphere covers the total of --------- percent of the earth surface a. 71% b. 93% c. 75% d. 97%
5. Which of the following is not a constituent material of the biosphere? a. man b. animals c. rocks d. micro organisms.
ESSAY
1. What are the various ways the atmosphere is important to man and other living organisms
2. with the aid of a diagram illustrate the relationship between the atmosphere, hydrosphere and the lithosphere
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools book 1, by N.P.Iloeje, et al. Pages 41-46
PRE READING ASSIGNMENT
Read the internal structure of the earth.
REFERENCES TEXTS:
1. Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools book 1, by N.P.Iloeje, P.C. Onokala, F.O. Oodemaho.
2. Senior Secondary Geography book 1, by M.A. Abegunde, K.A. Adegoke, G. Onwumere, A. Dahiru
3. Essential Geography for senior secondary schools by O.A Iwena
CONTENT:
1. The major spheres of the earth-.
2. Relationship between the three major spheres (the atmosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere)-
3. Relevance to human activities
SUB-TOPIC 1: THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
The structure of the earth is grouped into the outer structure and the internal structure of the earth. The outer structures of the earth consist of four zones or layers. Three are made up of physical constituents, which consist of the three different states of matter; which are solid, liquid and gaseous substances. While the fourth which is made up of the Biological constituents, consist of living organisms.
These outer structures of the earth includes: - i. The Atmosphere, ii. The Lithosphere, iii. The Hydrosphere and iv. The Biosphere.
The External and Internal Structure of the Earth
THE ATMOSPHERE: The atmosphere is the portion of the earth that consists of gases. These mixtures of various gases and other matter, forms and envelops round the earth. The atmosphere is loosely called “Air”,around us but in the real fact the atmosphere contain more than just air. The pure air in it, is made up of the following gases:
Nitrogen -------- -----------------------78%
Oxygen --------------------------------- 21%
Argon and Neon (rare gases------- 0.93%
Carbon dioxide ----------------------0.03%
The atmosphere also contains water vapour and dust particles. The atmosphere also is made up of four layers which include:
i. the troposphere,
ii. ii. the stratosphere,
iii. iii. the mesosphere and
iv. iv. The thermosphere.
The troposphere is the lowest and nearest to the earth, while the thermosphere, otherwise known as the ionosphere is the uppermost part of the earth.
EVALUATION
1. Mention the three physical constituents of the outer structure of the earth
2. Describe the atmosphere
3. outline the different atmospheric gases and their percentage
4. list the different layers of the atmosphere, indicating the nearest and the uppermost layers
THE LITHOSPHERE: The lithosphere or the crust is the outer solid part of the earth. The lithosphere comprises two distinct parts; the upper part consists of granite rocks and forms the continents comprising of the landmasses, which is marked by irregular surface features known as landforms, e.g. mountains, plateau, hills, plains, etc.; its main mineral compositions are Silica and Alumina, collectively referred to as
SIAL.
The lower part is a continuous zone of thicker rocks forming the ocean floor, comprising of silica, iron and magnesium collectively called the SIMA.
THE HYDROSPHERE: The hydrosphere is the liquid components of the earth where there is water. It consists of oceans, sea, river, lake, streams and other forms of water bodies. The water bodies consist of 71% of the earth surface. The ocean and the sea make up 97% of them. To these water bodies, the water locked up in frozen ice sheet and glaciers, underground water and water vapour forms part of the total water bodies.
THE BIOSPHERE: The biosphere is the world of living organisms, which includes Man, plants, animals and minute organisms like bacteria and fungi. These organisms dwell on Lithosphere (land), Hydrosphere (water) and Atmosphere (air) around us. They obtain their energy from the sun convert it into use, interact and depend on one another for existence.
EVALUATION:
1. State the two distinct parts of the lithosphere and describe their mineral compositions
2. Discuss briefly on the concept of hydrosphere
3. Why is the biosphere a unique sphere?
SUB-TOPIC 2: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THREE MAJOR SPHERES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES
The lithosphere is made up of the rock materials; the atmosphere consists of the gases that envelop the earth; the hydrosphere consists of the liquid substances-that is all the natural bodies of water on the outer earth. The intersect of these three (Atmosphere, Lithosphere and Hydrosphere) gives rise to the sphere of life (Biosphere). See Diagram bellow
The Relationship between the major spheres of the Earth
The lithosphere which is the solid part of the earth is where all living organisms including man lives and survive; though not without the support of the other two spheres (Hydrosphere and Atmosphere).
The atmosphere which consists of the different gases that envelops the earth is the very source of energy to all living organisms. The sun is the ultimate source of energy from which plants and other organisms derive their source of energy to produce their own food, on which other animals including man depend on for survival. Oxygen, Nitrogen, carbon dioxide and the rare gases are other atmospheric composite that enhances the survival of living organisms on the Biosphere.
The hydrosphere, which consist of all natural water bodies of the earth, from which plants, animal, and other living organisms including man depend on for survival. Therefore these three spheres (atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere) are very essential for every living organism in the biosphere.
EVALUATION:
1. What is the name given to the intersect of the three major spheres?
2. Explain the relationship that exist among these spheres
SUB-TOPIC 3: RELEVANCE OF THESE SPHERES TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES
The Atmosphere, the Lithosphere and the Hydrosphere, which intersects to form the Biosphere, are very relevant to Human activities in the following ways:
Atmosphere
1. It serves habitat for some living organism
2. It provides oxygen for plants and animals for respiration
3. It provides carbon dioxide for photosynthesis by plants
4. It contains ozone layer which acts as protective cover for living organism against the burning effects of ultra violet rays of the sun.
5. It acts as green house
6. It is a medium of communication. E.g air routes.
Hydrosphere
1. It provides water for domestic uses e.g drinking, washing, bathing, etc
2. It provides water for industrial uses
3. It serves as a means of transportation
4. It provides employment opportunities for the people dwelling in the riverine areas.
5. It is used for generating electricity
6. It is also used for irrigation purpose
7. It serves as tourist centre e.g bar beach.
Lithosphere
1. Lithosphere forms the basis of all human settlement
2. It serves as a source of all mineral resources
3. It aids transportation through construction of roads, railways and airports.
4. All forms of farming activities are carried out on lithosphere
5. It forms basis for most human activities such as mining, trading, etc
EVALUATION:
1. Outline the importance of the spheres of the earth to human activities
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Briefly describe the interaction within each zone of the outer part of the earth
2. Describe the main characteristics of each of the following: (i) atmosphere (ii) lithosphere (iii) hydrosphere
3. Outline the importance of either the hydrosphere or biosphere to man
4. Name the zones in the outer structure of the earth
5. Draw a well labelled diagram to show the outer part of the earth.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test:
1. The structure of the earth is divided into ------------------- a. 2 parts b. 4 layers c. 5 layers d. 3 parts
2. Which of this part of the lithosphere comprises of landmasses and irregular features a. sima b. sial c. silica d. magnesium
3. All but one of these gases has the highest percentage of atmospheric gas a. neon b. oxygen c. argon d. nitrogen
4. The hydrosphere covers the total of --------- percent of the earth surface a. 71% b. 93% c. 75% d. 97%
5. Which of the following is not a constituent material of the biosphere? a. man b. animals c. rocks d. micro organisms.
ESSAY
1. What are the various ways the atmosphere is important to man and other living organisms
2. with the aid of a diagram illustrate the relationship between the atmosphere, hydrosphere and the lithosphere
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools book 1, by N.P.Iloeje, et al. Pages 41-46
PRE READING ASSIGNMENT
Read the internal structure of the earth.
REFERENCES TEXTS:
1. Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools book 1, by N.P.Iloeje, P.C. Onokala, F.O. Oodemaho.
2. Senior Secondary Geography book 1, by M.A. Abegunde, K.A. Adegoke, G. Onwumere, A. Dahiru
3. Essential Geography for senior secondary schools by O.A Iwena
WEEK 8
TOPIC: THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH`
CONTENT: Internal structure of the earth
LITHOSPHERE (CRUST)
This is the solid portion of the earth that contains mineral substances broadly called Sial and Sima. The upper part of lithosphere is made of Silica and aluminium (sial) and the lower part silica and magnesium (sima). The density of sial is 2.7 while that of sima is 3.0. Silica floats on sima. The boundary of lithosphere and mantle is called Mohorovisic discontinuity.
MANTLE OR MESOSPHERE
Mantle is also called mesosphere. It is found beneath the lithosphere. It has high density and contains a kind of rock called olivine. The boundary between the mantle and the core is called Gutenberg discontinuity.
CORE OR BARYSPHERE
The core or barysphere comes after the mantle and is made up of Iron and Nickel. It has a very hot temperature of 1927°c and so is in a state of fluid. The rock is known to be crystalline in nature.
EVALUATION:
1. State three internal structure of the earth
2. Draw a well labelled diagram to show the internal structure of the earth
3. Describe the main features of the two of the parts shown in 2 above. (WASSCE, 2002).
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Draw the structure of the earth and label it
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools book 1, by N.P.Iloeje, et al. Pages 47
PRE READING ASSIGNMENT
Read types of rock.
REFERENCES TEXTS:
1. Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools book 1, by N.P.Iloeje, P.C. Onokala, F.O. Oodemaho.
2. Senior Secondary Geography book 1, by M.A. Abegunde, K.A. Adegoke, G. Onwumere, A. Dahiru
3. Essential Geography for senior secondary schools by O.A Iwena
CONTENT: Internal structure of the earth
LITHOSPHERE (CRUST)
This is the solid portion of the earth that contains mineral substances broadly called Sial and Sima. The upper part of lithosphere is made of Silica and aluminium (sial) and the lower part silica and magnesium (sima). The density of sial is 2.7 while that of sima is 3.0. Silica floats on sima. The boundary of lithosphere and mantle is called Mohorovisic discontinuity.
MANTLE OR MESOSPHERE
Mantle is also called mesosphere. It is found beneath the lithosphere. It has high density and contains a kind of rock called olivine. The boundary between the mantle and the core is called Gutenberg discontinuity.
CORE OR BARYSPHERE
The core or barysphere comes after the mantle and is made up of Iron and Nickel. It has a very hot temperature of 1927°c and so is in a state of fluid. The rock is known to be crystalline in nature.
EVALUATION:
1. State three internal structure of the earth
2. Draw a well labelled diagram to show the internal structure of the earth
3. Describe the main features of the two of the parts shown in 2 above. (WASSCE, 2002).
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Draw the structure of the earth and label it
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools book 1, by N.P.Iloeje, et al. Pages 47
PRE READING ASSIGNMENT
Read types of rock.
REFERENCES TEXTS:
1. Basic Geography Course for senior secondary schools book 1, by N.P.Iloeje, P.C. Onokala, F.O. Oodemaho.
2. Senior Secondary Geography book 1, by M.A. Abegunde, K.A. Adegoke, G. Onwumere, A. Dahiru
3. Essential Geography for senior secondary schools by O.A Iwena
WEEK 9
TOPIC: Rocks
CONTENT: 1.Types of rocks and their Characteristics of rocks
2. Importance of rock to man
Sub – Topic 1: Definition and types of rocks.
Definition of Rock
A rock is any solid substance that forms part of the earth crust. This solid substance may be hard,like granite or even be soft like mud. In other word, rocks are aggregates of minerals, that is, a combination of different minerals.
The most common rocks and their minerals include;
ROCKS MINERALS
Limestone quart, feldspar, micas
Sandstone quart, calcite, feldspar
Granite feldspar, augite
Types of Rock
There are three major types of rocks according to their origin, mode of formation and physical appearance. They are
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Mode of formation:
These rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma from the earth beneath. They are crystalline in nature examples are Basalt and Granite.
Igneous rock could be divided into two, namely: Intrusive or plutonic igneous rock and Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous rock
Intrusive Igneous rocks are rocks which solidified deep in the crust and they are only seen on the surface after a prolong erosive action. Examples are granite, diorite and gabbro.
Extrusive Igneous rocks are rocks that formed when the molten magma are ejected and poured on the earth’s surface as Lavas. These rocks do not contain fossils. Example is Basaltic rock and they can be located in North Eastern part of Nigeria.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
1. These rocks are crystalline in nature
2. They are non- stratified rocks that is, they do not occur in layers.
3. They are resistant to erosion and are usually hard and impervious.
4. They do not contain fossils.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Mode of formation:
These rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments either by water, ice or wind.They are derived from other pre- existing rocks such as igneous rocks. They are laid in layers or strata. These rocks are said to be stratified rocks only when they become harder in nature by compressional forces. All sedimentary rocks are non crystalline and contain fossils.
There are three major types of sedimentary rocks namely :
a. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.
These rocks are formed by breakdown or disintegration of pre- existing rocks during the process of mechanical weathering. The materials are now transported by agents of erosion such as water, wind and glacier .The rock debris are then deposited either in the sea or on land .The following rocks are the result of the action of water which include clays, gravel and aluminium. Those that result from the action of ice are moraine, boulder and gravel. The only rock produce by wind is loess.
b. Organically formed sedimentary rocks.
These rocks are formed from the accumulation of the remains of dead plants and animals. Some of the notable rocks formed by the remains of animals are chalk and corals. Those that result from plants include peat, coal and lignite.
c. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks.
These rocks are chemically precipitated from other rock solution before they solidified. Examples include potash, sodium chloride (common salt), nitrate, gypsum and dolomite.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
1.They occur in layers or strata.
2. The rocks may be coarse, fine soft or hard.
3. They do not exist in crystals i.e they are non- crystalline in nature.
4. They contain fossil of plants and animals.
5. They are not resistant to erosion.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Mode of formation:
These are rocks whose structures and appearance have been affected by great heat and pressure. The rocks are formed from pre- existing igneous or sedimentary rocks which have been changed. Examples of metamorphic rocks include slate, marble quartzite, gneiss, schist and graphite. Metamorphic regions are often regions of great economic value e.g the Canadian shield of North America.
All rocks are subject to metamorphism. Even metamorphic rocks can still be metamorphosed.Below is a documentation of the changes some rocks undergo as a result of metamorphism.
Limestone == changes to == marble
Clay == changes to == slate
Sandstone == changes to == quartzite
Granite == changes to == gneiss
Shale == changes to == schist
Coal == changes to == graphite
CHARACTERISTICS OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
1. Some may occur in layers or strata
2. The rock may be hard or soft
3. They are not crystalline in nature
4. They exist in different colour and texture
5. They may contain fossil
EVALUATION:
1. Outline four major differences between sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
2. 2.Describe the characteristics and mode of formation of igneous rocks.
Sub-Topic 2: ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ROCKS TO MANs
1. Sources of Minerals: some rocks are sources of minerals such as gold, diamond, limestone, petroleum etc. Which can be exported to provide foreign exchange to a country.
Petroleum coal, limestone are derived from sedimentary rocks while gold, diamond and tin are derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks.
2. Sources of Fuel: sedimentary rocks like petroleum and coal are sources of fuel for domestic and industrial uses.
3. Construction Purposes: some rocks like granite and sand stone are quarried and used for road, bridges and building construction.
4. Tourist Centres: Huge rock masses on mountain serve as tourist centres e.g. Olumo rock in Abeokuta and Zuma rock in Suleja.
5. As Ornamental: Some beautiful rocks such as marble can be polished as ornaments for decorating floors, walls of building, churches, tombstones etc.
6. Sources of food Nutrients: Rock salts as sodium chloride (table salt) from sedimentary rocks provide minerals used in cooking.
7. Formation of Soil: soil are formed from the disintegration of rocks.
8. Sources of Metal: Rocks are sources of metals which are derived from mines e.g. gold, silver, iron, aluminium, copper etc.
9. Domestic uses: some rocks like granite are used for domestic purposes e.g. grinding stones.
10. Raw Materials for Industries: some sedimentary rocks are used as raw materials in industries e.g. limestone is used for making cement, dolomite and marble are used for manufacturing of glasses and house paints.
EVALUATION
Highlight five importance of rocks to man
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Define the term sedimentary rock and describe any two process of its formation (b) Discuss any three ways in which sedimentary rocks are important to man (SSCE November 1992).
2. (a) Name the three classes of sedimentary rocks to man (b) Explain with examples: the process of formation of the three classes of sedimentary rocks. (c) state four uses of rocks to man (WASSCE November 1999).
3. (a) Give two examples each of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (b) Outline four major differences between sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. (WASSCE June 2000).
4. (a) Give two examples each of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. (b) Outline four major differences of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. (WASSCE 2000)
5. (a) What are sedimentary rocks? (b) Name the three classes of sedimentary rocks according to their mode of formation. (c) Describe one of the classes of sedimentary rocks in (b) above. (d) Outline for ways in which sedimentary rocks are important to man.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test:
1. Which of the following statements is not correct? (a) Igneous rocks do not contain fossils (b) rocks that are changed by great heat and pressure are called sedimentary rocks (c) Basalt and granite are examples of igneous rock (d) marble and gneiss are examples of metamorphic rock (e) Rocks that are formed through the extrusion of molten magma are called volcanic rocks.
2. All the following rocks are metamorphic except. (a) Gnesis (b) Marble (c) Gabbro (d) State (e) Quartzite.
3. Which of the statement is not correct about sedimentary rocks? They (a) could be formed by water (b) are usually in layers (c) are non-crystalline (d) often contain fossils (e) are formed in upland areas.
4. Marble and schist are examples of (a) Sedimentary rocks (b) volcanic rocks (c) metamorphic rocks (d) plutonic rocks
5. An example of a crystalline rock is (a) peat (b) limestone (c) granite (d) sandstone
Essay Questions:
Discuss the mode of formation and characteristics of any type of rock
READING ASSIGNMENT
Basic Geography Course for Senior Secondary school 1 by N.P. Ileoje et al. Pages47-50.
PRE READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read for your examination.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Basic Geography Course for senior secondary school 1 by N.P. Ileoje et al.
2. Senior Secondary Geography 1 by M.A. Abegunde et al.
3. Essential Geography for senior secondary school by O.A. Iwena
CONTENT: 1.Types of rocks and their Characteristics of rocks
2. Importance of rock to man
Sub – Topic 1: Definition and types of rocks.
Definition of Rock
A rock is any solid substance that forms part of the earth crust. This solid substance may be hard,like granite or even be soft like mud. In other word, rocks are aggregates of minerals, that is, a combination of different minerals.
The most common rocks and their minerals include;
ROCKS MINERALS
Limestone quart, feldspar, micas
Sandstone quart, calcite, feldspar
Granite feldspar, augite
Types of Rock
There are three major types of rocks according to their origin, mode of formation and physical appearance. They are
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Mode of formation:
These rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma from the earth beneath. They are crystalline in nature examples are Basalt and Granite.
Igneous rock could be divided into two, namely: Intrusive or plutonic igneous rock and Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous rock
Intrusive Igneous rocks are rocks which solidified deep in the crust and they are only seen on the surface after a prolong erosive action. Examples are granite, diorite and gabbro.
Extrusive Igneous rocks are rocks that formed when the molten magma are ejected and poured on the earth’s surface as Lavas. These rocks do not contain fossils. Example is Basaltic rock and they can be located in North Eastern part of Nigeria.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
1. These rocks are crystalline in nature
2. They are non- stratified rocks that is, they do not occur in layers.
3. They are resistant to erosion and are usually hard and impervious.
4. They do not contain fossils.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Mode of formation:
These rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments either by water, ice or wind.They are derived from other pre- existing rocks such as igneous rocks. They are laid in layers or strata. These rocks are said to be stratified rocks only when they become harder in nature by compressional forces. All sedimentary rocks are non crystalline and contain fossils.
There are three major types of sedimentary rocks namely :
a. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.
These rocks are formed by breakdown or disintegration of pre- existing rocks during the process of mechanical weathering. The materials are now transported by agents of erosion such as water, wind and glacier .The rock debris are then deposited either in the sea or on land .The following rocks are the result of the action of water which include clays, gravel and aluminium. Those that result from the action of ice are moraine, boulder and gravel. The only rock produce by wind is loess.
b. Organically formed sedimentary rocks.
These rocks are formed from the accumulation of the remains of dead plants and animals. Some of the notable rocks formed by the remains of animals are chalk and corals. Those that result from plants include peat, coal and lignite.
c. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks.
These rocks are chemically precipitated from other rock solution before they solidified. Examples include potash, sodium chloride (common salt), nitrate, gypsum and dolomite.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
1.They occur in layers or strata.
2. The rocks may be coarse, fine soft or hard.
3. They do not exist in crystals i.e they are non- crystalline in nature.
4. They contain fossil of plants and animals.
5. They are not resistant to erosion.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Mode of formation:
These are rocks whose structures and appearance have been affected by great heat and pressure. The rocks are formed from pre- existing igneous or sedimentary rocks which have been changed. Examples of metamorphic rocks include slate, marble quartzite, gneiss, schist and graphite. Metamorphic regions are often regions of great economic value e.g the Canadian shield of North America.
All rocks are subject to metamorphism. Even metamorphic rocks can still be metamorphosed.Below is a documentation of the changes some rocks undergo as a result of metamorphism.
Limestone == changes to == marble
Clay == changes to == slate
Sandstone == changes to == quartzite
Granite == changes to == gneiss
Shale == changes to == schist
Coal == changes to == graphite
CHARACTERISTICS OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
1. Some may occur in layers or strata
2. The rock may be hard or soft
3. They are not crystalline in nature
4. They exist in different colour and texture
5. They may contain fossil
EVALUATION:
1. Outline four major differences between sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
2. 2.Describe the characteristics and mode of formation of igneous rocks.
Sub-Topic 2: ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ROCKS TO MANs
1. Sources of Minerals: some rocks are sources of minerals such as gold, diamond, limestone, petroleum etc. Which can be exported to provide foreign exchange to a country.
Petroleum coal, limestone are derived from sedimentary rocks while gold, diamond and tin are derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks.
2. Sources of Fuel: sedimentary rocks like petroleum and coal are sources of fuel for domestic and industrial uses.
3. Construction Purposes: some rocks like granite and sand stone are quarried and used for road, bridges and building construction.
4. Tourist Centres: Huge rock masses on mountain serve as tourist centres e.g. Olumo rock in Abeokuta and Zuma rock in Suleja.
5. As Ornamental: Some beautiful rocks such as marble can be polished as ornaments for decorating floors, walls of building, churches, tombstones etc.
6. Sources of food Nutrients: Rock salts as sodium chloride (table salt) from sedimentary rocks provide minerals used in cooking.
7. Formation of Soil: soil are formed from the disintegration of rocks.
8. Sources of Metal: Rocks are sources of metals which are derived from mines e.g. gold, silver, iron, aluminium, copper etc.
9. Domestic uses: some rocks like granite are used for domestic purposes e.g. grinding stones.
10. Raw Materials for Industries: some sedimentary rocks are used as raw materials in industries e.g. limestone is used for making cement, dolomite and marble are used for manufacturing of glasses and house paints.
EVALUATION
Highlight five importance of rocks to man
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Define the term sedimentary rock and describe any two process of its formation (b) Discuss any three ways in which sedimentary rocks are important to man (SSCE November 1992).
2. (a) Name the three classes of sedimentary rocks to man (b) Explain with examples: the process of formation of the three classes of sedimentary rocks. (c) state four uses of rocks to man (WASSCE November 1999).
3. (a) Give two examples each of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (b) Outline four major differences between sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. (WASSCE June 2000).
4. (a) Give two examples each of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. (b) Outline four major differences of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. (WASSCE 2000)
5. (a) What are sedimentary rocks? (b) Name the three classes of sedimentary rocks according to their mode of formation. (c) Describe one of the classes of sedimentary rocks in (b) above. (d) Outline for ways in which sedimentary rocks are important to man.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test:
1. Which of the following statements is not correct? (a) Igneous rocks do not contain fossils (b) rocks that are changed by great heat and pressure are called sedimentary rocks (c) Basalt and granite are examples of igneous rock (d) marble and gneiss are examples of metamorphic rock (e) Rocks that are formed through the extrusion of molten magma are called volcanic rocks.
2. All the following rocks are metamorphic except. (a) Gnesis (b) Marble (c) Gabbro (d) State (e) Quartzite.
3. Which of the statement is not correct about sedimentary rocks? They (a) could be formed by water (b) are usually in layers (c) are non-crystalline (d) often contain fossils (e) are formed in upland areas.
4. Marble and schist are examples of (a) Sedimentary rocks (b) volcanic rocks (c) metamorphic rocks (d) plutonic rocks
5. An example of a crystalline rock is (a) peat (b) limestone (c) granite (d) sandstone
Essay Questions:
Discuss the mode of formation and characteristics of any type of rock
READING ASSIGNMENT
Basic Geography Course for Senior Secondary school 1 by N.P. Ileoje et al. Pages47-50.
PRE READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read for your examination.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Basic Geography Course for senior secondary school 1 by N.P. Ileoje et al.
2. Senior Secondary Geography 1 by M.A. Abegunde et al.
3. Essential Geography for senior secondary school by O.A. Iwena