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LESSON 34
SPEECH WORK: Oral Composition Skills; expository and argumentative;
COMPREHENSION: Summary Writing
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT (synonyms as words nearly in the same meaning);
STRUCTURE: Compound Complex sentences;
WRITING S SKILLS: Continuous Writing – Expository (written).



ASPECT: SPEECH WORK
ASPECT: CONTINUOUS WRITING
TOPIC: EXPOSITION (ORAL)
(i) Meaning.
(ii) Aims of Exposition.
(iii) Method.

MEANING: Exposition is detailed explanation. It gives a complete explanation of all the main aspects of its subject. It is a process or a systematic explanation of how things are made; process is carried out; or how mechanisms work. Exposition can be:
(a) How cassava is processed to become garri
(b) How to operate a new Blackberry phone.
(c) How to prepare a favourite meal etc.

OBJECTIVE OF EXPOSITION: We use oral exposition to give information, instruction and guidelines on how to do things.
Method: Exposition needs clear and concise expression and systematically giving of the points on a subject matter. It requires careful arrangement of points on a subject and orderly presentation.
https://youtu.be/Xa_LqEYsvpQ




Argumentative Essay
Meaning of Argumentative Essay
Another name for oral argumentation is a debate. It involves ordered reasoning and it requires a more complex process of reasoning, of drawing conclusions from evidence. The aim is to convince an opponent by the effective presentation of an argument. Possible subjects for debate include:

Should all schools go co-educational?
The girl-child is more profitable in the home than the boy-child.
Prove that female educators make the best house wives.
Boarding school is preferred to a day school.
To be persuasive and forceful, an argument must be relatively objective, well-organised and logical.

Points to Note in a Debate
Debate is not physical combat, therefore, avoid abusive languages and confrontations.
Define your stand points ( either FOR or AGAINST)
Level your weakest argument at the beginning and the strongest at the end.
Be good listener so as to identify your opponent’s weakness.
Remember that the success of your argument depends on the effectiveness of your reasoning and not in noise making or shouting.

Common Errors in Reasoning
1. Faulty relationship: e.g. Women are by nature superior home makers. Their natural talents lie in the realm of cooking and interior decoration. Therefore, a woman’s place to excel is in the home.

Check list: Great cooks and interior designers have been men.

2. Ambiguous wording: Unclear wording blurs the relationship between the linked ideas.

E.g. topic: “Co-education is dangerous”

3. Lack of focus

Approach to Follow
Consider the subject and draw your outline for argument
Rearrange the argument under FOR or AGAINST
Decide which side of the case you are going to adopt
Present your opponent case first, demolish it, and then give your own arguments.
https://youtu.be/tAmgEa1B1vI

CLASS ACTIVITY
The educator leads the students to discuss the four types of essays and give examples on each of them.

EVALUATION
Use WAEC/NECO past questions, write out five examples each on the four types of essays.




LESSON 36
ASPECT: Comprehension
TOPIC: Summary Writing
During the city’s annual jazz festival, I glanced round. The tiny, dim-lit bar was so packed that strangers all but sat on each other’s raps and waiters …
https://youtu.be/eGWO1ldEhtQ
EVALUATION: Attempt the questions on page 142 of Goodbye to Failure in English SSS 1 by Mebele Ken and Femi Omodara.



ASPECT: Vocabulary Development
TOPIC: Synonyms
i. Meaning
ii. Application
Meaning: synonym simply means a word which has identical or similar meaning.
Application:
Words --- Synonym
1. Able --- capable
2. Abstain--- refrain
3. Adapt --- adopt
4. Custom--- habit
5. Decrease--- diminish
6. Discover--- invent
7. Enough--- sufficient
8. Battle --- war, fight
9. Beautiful--- pretty
10. Value --- price
11. Allow --- permit
12. Kill ---murder, assassinate
13. Contagious--- infectious
14. Character --- conduct

Examples of synonym in sentences
 a. A cool breeze is blowing.
b. I cannot endure cold climate.
 a. We must defend our nation from foreign attack.
b. A house protects us from natural calamities.

ACTIVITY:
1. Use your dictionary and locate the meaning of the words listed.
2. Use them in sentences as shown in the examples above.



LESSON 37
ASPECT: STRUCTURE
TOPIC: Compound Complex Sentence
Definition: A compound complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause. The subordinate clause may precede or follow either (or both) of the main clauses. Examples:
a. If the weather is fair, we will go on our camping trip, and I expect to have a great time.
b. She knew that Desmond would not like it, but she took the earlier train.
c. Great literature, which challenges the intellect, is sometimes difficult, but it is also rewarding.

STRUCTURES OF COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCES
Pattern 1
Independent clause + Dependent clause + Coordinating conjunction +independent clause
Example: Nneka was hesitant to go home because there was no help, and she left for another hospital instead.

Pattern 2
Independent clause + Coordinating conjunction + Independent clause + Dependent marker + Dependent clause
Example: The horse was pulled to the stream forcefully, and it was made to drink water where suspected criminals were drowned.

Pattern 3
Dependent clause + Independent clause + Coordinating conjunction + Independent clause
Example: Should dad pay for me, I will have the opportunity to travel to Calabar and I expect to visit the Tinapa Resort.

Pattern 4
Independent clause + Dependent clause + Coordinating conjunction + Independent clause
Example: Mikel knew that Emenike had not positioned himself yet he took the free-kick.

Pattern 5
Noun phrase + Dependent clause + Verb phrase + Coordinating conjunction + Independent clause
Example: The Professor, who stood in the intellectual debate, was very intelligent, but he lacked manners.
https://youtu.be/wpGTmfppjsY

Evaluation: 1.What is compound sentence?
2. Construct five compound sentence to reflect the pattern you have learnt.




LESSON 38
ASPECT: WRITING SKILLS
TOPIC: Expository Essay
Meaning and Types of Expository Writing
Expository essay is a type of essay that explains a process, an action and how things work. It is somewhat like a descriptive essay in that it contains a great deal of description, but it also explains how things operate in relation with other thing. It gives information and at the same time instructs. The following are topics for expository writing:
(i)A traditional marriage ceremony
(ii)The preparation of my favourite food
(iii)How bean – balls are produced from beans
(iv)The way to the staff quarters from the school block etc.

Features of Expository Writing
1.It is written with the standard structure of introduction, body, and conclusion.
2. It is written in the present tense.
3. It requires clarity and precision.
4. It demands systematic thinking and concise use of language.
Organization: Expository Writing is organized into Introduction, Body; and Conclusion. The body gives a step by step explanation of the processes involved.

A typical Expository Essay Outline
1. Title: HOW TO PREPARE MY FAVORITE MEAL.
2. Introduction
i. My favorite meal (White rice and stew).
3. Body
i. Step one: get the utensils ready
ii Step two: preliminary cooking or Par boiling especially ‘rice’
iii. Step three: preparation of the stew
iv. Step four: Proper cooking of the sauce.
4. Conclusion: General summary of the subject matter.
https://youtu.be/MbFmUrfLrSA

Evaluation: 1. What is Expository Essay?
2. Mention the features of Expository Essay.

ASSIGNMENT: In question 1-13, choose the option nearest in meaning to the word(s) in italics.
1. That episode ended in a war between two countries.
A. accident B. incident C. confrontation D. accusation
2. To ensure that the students remember the lecture, the lecturer reiterated the main points of the lecture.
A.summarized B.announced C .developed D.reported
3.The offending soldier was subjected to a court-martial.
military drill B.military trial C.military discipline D.legal disqualification.
4. We are indebted to those who have contributed to this fund.
A.owe B .praise C.thank D.recognize.
5. The damages are to be shared pro rata among the injured parties.
A. proportionally B.fractionally C.rationally D.respectively
6. The vice- chancellor took a dim view of the student’s rag day activities.
A.did not see clearly B.viewed with surprise C. Viewed with disapproval D.saw from behind a dark window.
7. There is a telephone booth near the market.
A. stand B.stall. C.rank D.kiosk.
8. I hate the walls of the assembly hall because of their unnatural colour combination. A.dark colours. B bright colours C.faded colours D.lurid colours
9 .The judge was in prison.
A. served as a prisoner. B.visited the prison C. worked in the prison D. sat in the prison.
10. She became unconscious when she learnt of her husband’s death.
A. passed away B. passed out C. passed off D.gave up
11. Because of my absence from school, Iam finding it difficult to do as well as my classmates.
A.keep up with B.keep in touch with C.cope up with D.bear up against
12.A gentleman does not go back on his word
A. fail to give B. fail to return. C.fail to keep D.fail to mention
13. The company has decided to give in to the workers’ demands.
A. sympathize with B.yeild to C.refer to D.consider

REFERENCES
1. Bamgboshe A (2012) English Lexis and Structure for SSS and Colleges (Revise Edition) Ibadan HEBN Publishers PLC.
2. NTI (2000) General Studies Education NCE Cycle1 Modl-4 Kaduna: NTI Press.

LESSON 39
ASPECT: SPEECH WORK
TOPIC: SPEAKING TO CONVINCE/PERSUADE
Every communicator has an aim. The aim may be to inform, enlighten, narrate, describe or convince/persuade. The shade of writing or speaking meant to convince or persuade involves ARGUMENT. In argument, reasons and points are put forward in support of or in opposition to a point of view.
Argument, as a form of speaking or writing as the following attributes
1. The proposer seeks to nullify, weaken or counterbalance the opposer’s view.
2. Argument has two sides-the proposition and the opposition. A speaker can be on either side.
3. The person arguing a point seeks to appeal to his readers or listeners by appealing to their feelings and minds.
4. The implication is that anybody in argument most carefully sit down to marshal points in support of his argument.
https://youtu.be/jnfoFN7TBhw

HELPFUL TIPS ON ARGUMENT
1. The person involved in argument must be on one side. He is either proposing or opposing. The points and views must not be mixed up.
2. There must be appropriate introduction if this, the audience is captivated and held spellbound.
3. The subject matter of the argument must be known right from the onset. In formal debate, the lead speaker must be carefully taken to do this at the beginning and also summarize at the end.
4. The body of the argument must reflect the introduction and lead to the conclusion.
5. The person arguing must opponent points and deal with them.
6. Appropriate and solid points must be used. The argument must not be based on fantasy, rumor, ear say or controversy.
7. The rules of grammar – right pronunciation, agreement, courtesy and necessary punctuation must be observed.
8. There must be difference in formalized debate. A lead speaker must acknowledge the forum as follows;
-- Mr. Chairman
--Accurate time keeper
-- Co debaters and
-- Ladies and gentle men.
https://youtu.be/7eWclVCXOtk

MODEL TOPICS FOR ARGUMENT
1. Farmers are more important than doctors
2. Women are better leaders than men
3. Corruption is the bane of our society.
4. Civilian rule are better than military rule
5. Polygamy is better than monogamy
6. Science has done more harm than good.

EVALUATION
1. What is argument?
2. Choose one of the topics above and arrange for a class debate.



LESSON 40
ASPECT: VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC: ADVERTISING
Advertising is the public promotion of something such as products, services, goods, business or events in other to promote and attract interest in it. To do this, such for as the radio, television, banners, postal, bill boards and hawking are used.

Advertising has its own vocabulary, below are sample words.
i. advertising agent
ii. Promotion
iii. Product
iv. Public relation agencies
v. Photography
vi. Film
vii. Printing
viii. News paper
ix. Magazines
x. Postals
xi. Handbills
xii. Billboards
These words must be studied. The dictionary will be of help in understanding their meanings.
https://youtu.be/WOaxTkD4M7Y

EVALUATION
1. What is advertising?
2. What is the meaning of the following words?
i. product
ii. promotion
iii. bill boards
iv. handbills
v. postals




LESSON 41
ASPECT: STRUCTURE
TOPIC: PUNCTUATION MARKS
Punctuation refers to the use of non-alphabetical sign, symbols and marks to organize writing to make it more meaning. The symbols and marks used are referred to as punctuation marks. They are represented as follows;
1. full stop {.}
2. exclamation mark {!}
3. question mark {?}
4. comma {,}
5. dash {_}
6. bracket ()
7 semi colon {;}
8. colon {:}
9. hyphen {-}
10. quotation marks {“ ”}
11. apostrophe {‘}
12. asterisk {*}
We shall consider the use of a few of them

1. Full stop
This sign is used as follows
a. It is used at the end of sentences (except sentences that are questions or those that ends in exclamation e.g Today is a raining day. He did not achieve is aim take it or live it
b. It is also used in abbreviations e.g B.Sc, M.A, U.N.O. e.t.c
c. It is used in e-mail addresses e.g. penwriteng@yahoo.com, www.penwriteonline.com

2. Comma
a. It is also adjectives when they are more than one in a sentence e.g. The apple is juicy, nutritious, rich and red.
b. It is also to separate words in a sentence e.g. They went to the market and bought, vegetables, fish, condiment, maggi and utensils
c. It is used to mark off words used to address people e.g. You are welcome, our dear Excellency. How do you see the picture, Mr. John?
d. It is used to mark off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence e.g. “take or live it”, the man said. “I am with you”, he told the lady.
e. It is used to mark off noun or phrase in opposition e.g Mohammed Ali, the great boxer he is coming to our town. , Jesus Christ, our great savior is dependable.
f. It is used to indicate the omission of a word in a sentence e.g He is the husband; she, the wife.

3. Dash
It is used as follows;
a. To indicate that there is an abrupt change of thought e.g I wanted to slap him-but why killing an ant with a hammer.
b. It can be sued to emphasize a word or phrase e.g It happened- and it will not happen again.
c. It can be used to introduce a sentence or explain what has been said e.g He lost everything_ wife, children, property and even hope.
d. It can be used to sum up what has been said before e.g It is said that poverty- an absolute lack of wealth- is the greatest disease.
e. It is used to resume a scattered subject e.g whatever one has- learning, money, relations- will not avail on the day of death.

4. Semi Colon
a. It is used to separate in a long list or series. E.g He has seen it all. He has seen sudden promotion; He has seen instant wealth; He has a string of degrees and he has a graceful old age.
b. It is used to separate a series of loosely related clauses e.g Our salvation was dear; the presence of God went with her., The trumpet shall sound; and the dead in Christ shall be raised.
c. It is used to separate two parts of a sentence that have a relationship to each other in terms of meaning when each could alone e.g the child is the father of the man; the man is actually the father of the child.

5. Quotation Marks
a. It is used to enclose direct speech and quotation. E.g “what did you say?” the woman asked her husband, “what is mine is yours,” he told is friend.
b. “It is also used to indicate the titles of poems and articles e.g He is the writer of “Ode to a Gracian Urn”.
c. The title of the short story “the cross country”

6. Colon
It used as follows
a. Before enumerations and examples e.g The members of our family are: the father, the mother and the children.
b. To introduce a list e.g You need to come with the following: pen, pencil, eraser and sharpener.
c. It is sometimes use in numerals e.g 8:30am
https://youtu.be/gfYq2ng9s4E




ASPECT: COMPREHENSION
TOPIC: THE ART OF READING AND COMPREHENSION
The passage is to be treated as other passages and the questions answered. It is found on page 148 of “Good bye to Failure” by Ken Mebele and Femi Omodara.
https://youtu.be/xrEq-1UujOo



LESSON 42
ASPECT: CONTINUOUS WRITING
TOPIC: WRITING MINUTES OF A MEETING
Minutes, otherwise known as notes are the written records of a meeting or a hearing. They describe the events of the meeting stating a list of those attended the meeting, a statement of issues considered by the participant and related responses or decisions for the issues. In most formal meeting the minute are kept by the secretary who records, keeps, types and subsequently reads such minutes at meetings.
Minutes may be created also by a typist who may use shorthand notation and then prepare the minutes. Alternatively, the meeting can be audio recorded, video recorded or taken down by the secretary. Private organizations, schools, clubs and government agencies normally keep minutes during meetings.
https://youtu.be/JJIiHeEd4ww

PARTS OF A MEETING
The following are generally included in the minutes;
1. Name of the body holding the meeting
2. Place where the meeting was held
3. List of people present
4. Time of commencement
5. Proceedings and contributions
6. Decisions
7. Agenda
8. Report
9. Committees
10. Adjournment

A good minute must emphasize the following;
1. Sound grammar
2. Attentive listening
3. Factual reporting of speakers.
4. Feedback
https://youtu.be/7RpfOoCforM
https://youtu.be/QNameb4jgUM

EVALUATION
1. What is a minute?
2. Who may keep minute?
3. Attend a club meeting in your class and write the minute. Report back to your English language educator

GENERAL EVALUATION
Insert the most appropriate quotation mark in the following;
1. Even a fool when he holdeth his peace is counted wise
2. There is one place where no repentance is possible heaven
3. I know who you are the woman told the thief
4. Chinua Achebe is the writer of the book called things fall apart
5. Place arrange to buy me the following colours of paint white yellow black and neutral

GENERAL EVALUATION
Punctuate the following with the relevant punctuation marks;
a. There is a sickness no mercy can heal death
b. He is the actual writer of Heart of darkness
c. Such delicacies as orange wall nut pineapple can be found in the garden.

ASSIGNMENT
Imagine you are the lead speaker of a debate team. The topic is “Co-education is dangerous”. Write your argument.

REFERENCES
High school English Grammar and Composition_N.D.V Prasada Rao
Correct Grammar, Correct English Belty Patrick
Goodbye to Failure _ K.Mebele and Femi OModara